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<p>Synthetic dye and microbial contamination of water remain a global threat to both environmental and public health. This research explores a green synthesis approach using <i>Ficus religiosa</i> (FR) plant extract to synthesis zinc oxide (ZnO) and selenium (Se) encapsulated zinc oxide (Se@ZnO) catalyst, and investigated their photocatalytic performance in the degradation of Fast Green (FG) dye and their biological activity. The characterized analysis including XRD, FTIR, FESEM-EDX, UV–Visible, PL, XPS and BET surface area analysis revealed that the FRSe@ZnO catalysts possessed a hexagonal crystalline structure (6-nm crystallite size), nanoflake morphology, a narrow band gap (2.70&#xa0;eV), a high surface area (121 m<sup>2</sup>/g). The photocatalytic activity demonstrated that FRSe@ZnO catalyst exhibited high degradation efficiency (99%) of FG within 100&#xa0;min, with a kinetic rate constant of 0.297&#xa0;min<sup>−1</sup> which was higher than that of ZnO (79%) and Se@ZnO (91%) catalysts. Under optimized conditions (6&#xa0;mg of FRSe@ZnO at pH 8), superior FG degradation was achieved within 60&#xa0;min. After five reuse cycles, only a 2% reduction in degradation efficiency was observed. Meanwhile, biological activity of FRSe@ZnO catalysts exhibited enhanced growth of inhibition zone against <i>B. subtilis</i> (33.00 ± 0.00)<i>, E. coli</i> (25.00 ± 1.73), <i>T. rubrum</i> (28.00 ± 0.00) and <i>T. mentagrophytes</i> (25.00 ± 1.73). This work demonstrates, for the first time, the highly efficient synergistic effect of green synthesized Se@ZnO using <i>F. religiosa</i> extract, achieving superior photocatalytic degradation of FG dye and enhanced antibacterial and biological activity compared to undoped and Se@ZnO synthesized without the plant extract, highlighting its potential for sustainable water remediation and antimicrobial applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Enhanced fast green dye degradation and biological activity of green synthesized Se@ZnO photocatalysts using Ficus religiosa plant extract

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月6日

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  • Anitha Arumugam,
  • Ponmurugan Ponnusamy,
  • Esath Natheer Shajahan,
  • Kannan Shanmugam,
  • Sathishkumar Mani,
  • Arunkumar Dhailappan

摘要

Synthetic dye and microbial contamination of water remain a global threat to both environmental and public health. This research explores a green synthesis approach using Ficus religiosa (FR) plant extract to synthesis zinc oxide (ZnO) and selenium (Se) encapsulated zinc oxide (Se@ZnO) catalyst, and investigated their photocatalytic performance in the degradation of Fast Green (FG) dye and their biological activity. The characterized analysis including XRD, FTIR, FESEM-EDX, UV–Visible, PL, XPS and BET surface area analysis revealed that the FRSe@ZnO catalysts possessed a hexagonal crystalline structure (6-nm crystallite size), nanoflake morphology, a narrow band gap (2.70 eV), a high surface area (121 m2/g). The photocatalytic activity demonstrated that FRSe@ZnO catalyst exhibited high degradation efficiency (99%) of FG within 100 min, with a kinetic rate constant of 0.297 min−1 which was higher than that of ZnO (79%) and Se@ZnO (91%) catalysts. Under optimized conditions (6 mg of FRSe@ZnO at pH 8), superior FG degradation was achieved within 60 min. After five reuse cycles, only a 2% reduction in degradation efficiency was observed. Meanwhile, biological activity of FRSe@ZnO catalysts exhibited enhanced growth of inhibition zone against B. subtilis (33.00 ± 0.00), E. coli (25.00 ± 1.73), T. rubrum (28.00 ± 0.00) and T. mentagrophytes (25.00 ± 1.73). This work demonstrates, for the first time, the highly efficient synergistic effect of green synthesized Se@ZnO using F. religiosa extract, achieving superior photocatalytic degradation of FG dye and enhanced antibacterial and biological activity compared to undoped and Se@ZnO synthesized without the plant extract, highlighting its potential for sustainable water remediation and antimicrobial applications.

Graphical Abstract