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<p>This study targets the research gap in the utilization of carbon-based nanocomposite material in the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process and its reusability possibility in bio-oil production. This study focuses on the circular economy and zero waste concept via value addition of waste materials for bioenergy production. <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> biomass was cultivated in a mixotrophic mode in wastewater and FOG medium in varying proportions for biomass production. The HTL process was studied with varying experimental conditions like temperature (240 to 340&#xa0;°C), biomass load (75–125&#xa0;g/L), and catalyst load (0.2–1 wt%) respectively. The catalyst MWCNTs/CeO<sub>2</sub> nanocomposites were synthesized and characterized through SEM, BET, FTIR, FT-Raman, and XRD. Maximum bio-oil yield was 28.4 wt% at temperature (300&#xa0;°C), biomass load (150&#xa0;g/L), and catalyst load (0.6 wt%) respectively. The aqueous wastewater comprised a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 123.7&#xa0;mg/L and a pH of 6.1. Further, the unutilized catalyst was recovered from the solid residue and its feasibility of reuse in HTL experiments was studied. After the fourth cycle, the formation of the aqueous phase was 41.2 wt%, bio-oil was 7.4 wt%, and bio-char was 19.4 wt% with catalyst concentration of 0.6 wt% respectively. This study provides newer insights on sustainable use and circular economy on waste utilization for future needs.</p>

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Hydrothermal liquefaction of Chlorella vulgaris biomass cultivated in municipal wastewater for bio-oil production: effect of catalyst (CNT/CeO2) and its reusability studies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月26日

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  • C. Marimuthu,
  • J. Arun,
  • S. Sanjay Kumar,
  • N. Nirmala,
  • J. Jayakanth,
  • S. Naveen

摘要

This study targets the research gap in the utilization of carbon-based nanocomposite material in the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process and its reusability possibility in bio-oil production. This study focuses on the circular economy and zero waste concept via value addition of waste materials for bioenergy production. Chlorella vulgaris biomass was cultivated in a mixotrophic mode in wastewater and FOG medium in varying proportions for biomass production. The HTL process was studied with varying experimental conditions like temperature (240 to 340 °C), biomass load (75–125 g/L), and catalyst load (0.2–1 wt%) respectively. The catalyst MWCNTs/CeO2 nanocomposites were synthesized and characterized through SEM, BET, FTIR, FT-Raman, and XRD. Maximum bio-oil yield was 28.4 wt% at temperature (300 °C), biomass load (150 g/L), and catalyst load (0.6 wt%) respectively. The aqueous wastewater comprised a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 123.7 mg/L and a pH of 6.1. Further, the unutilized catalyst was recovered from the solid residue and its feasibility of reuse in HTL experiments was studied. After the fourth cycle, the formation of the aqueous phase was 41.2 wt%, bio-oil was 7.4 wt%, and bio-char was 19.4 wt% with catalyst concentration of 0.6 wt% respectively. This study provides newer insights on sustainable use and circular economy on waste utilization for future needs.