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<p>Disposal of untreated dye effluents into the environment often impairs aquatic aesthetics and thereby leads to detrimental effects on global biodiversity. Therefore, the present study is an attempt to investigate the removal of Reactive Red 11 (RR11) from an aqueous solution using formaldehyde-treated <i>Hydroclathrus clathratus</i> (FHC) and to assess its impact on various biological models. The removal efficiency of FHC was studied by varying the operational parameters namely RR11 concentration (100–500&#xa0;mg/L), FHC concentration (100–500&#xa0;mg/L), pH (2–12), temperature (25–45&#xa0;°C) and incubation time (24–120&#xa0;h) through batch adsorption experiments. The maximum dye removal efficiency (87%) was achieved at optimum conditions of 200&#xa0;mg/L dye concentration, 400&#xa0;mg/L of FHC concentration and pH 8 at 25&#xa0;°C for 96&#xa0;h of incubation time. Equilibrium studies revealed that the experimental data well fitted with Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Thermodynamic studies proved to be endothermic, spontaneous and feasible for the adsorption of RR11 onto FHC. The interaction between RR11 and FHC was manifested through the changes observed in analytical studies. Desorption and regeneration studies revealed that 0.1&#xa0;M HCl is an effective eluting agent, achieving 83% desorption efficiency in the first cycle, while the regenerated FHC has a dye removal efficiency of 89% in the first cycle, highlighting its potential for reuse. Toxicological assessment of various biological models revealed the non-toxic nature of the FHC-treated RR11 solution which proves its reusability in other applications. Thus, the study highlights the potential of FHC as an eco-friendly and cost-efficient biosorbent for the removal of RR11 from aqueous solution, with promising applications in environmental remediation.</p>

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Sequestration of Reactive Red 11 from aqueous solution using formaldehyde-treated Hydroclathrus clathratus—equilibrium, desorption and toxicological assessments

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月28日

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  • Ravi Pavithra,
  • Gunaseelan Vivekananth Geethamala,
  • Ammapettai Varanavasu Swathilakshmi,
  • Mani Poonkothai

摘要

Disposal of untreated dye effluents into the environment often impairs aquatic aesthetics and thereby leads to detrimental effects on global biodiversity. Therefore, the present study is an attempt to investigate the removal of Reactive Red 11 (RR11) from an aqueous solution using formaldehyde-treated Hydroclathrus clathratus (FHC) and to assess its impact on various biological models. The removal efficiency of FHC was studied by varying the operational parameters namely RR11 concentration (100–500 mg/L), FHC concentration (100–500 mg/L), pH (2–12), temperature (25–45 °C) and incubation time (24–120 h) through batch adsorption experiments. The maximum dye removal efficiency (87%) was achieved at optimum conditions of 200 mg/L dye concentration, 400 mg/L of FHC concentration and pH 8 at 25 °C for 96 h of incubation time. Equilibrium studies revealed that the experimental data well fitted with Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Thermodynamic studies proved to be endothermic, spontaneous and feasible for the adsorption of RR11 onto FHC. The interaction between RR11 and FHC was manifested through the changes observed in analytical studies. Desorption and regeneration studies revealed that 0.1 M HCl is an effective eluting agent, achieving 83% desorption efficiency in the first cycle, while the regenerated FHC has a dye removal efficiency of 89% in the first cycle, highlighting its potential for reuse. Toxicological assessment of various biological models revealed the non-toxic nature of the FHC-treated RR11 solution which proves its reusability in other applications. Thus, the study highlights the potential of FHC as an eco-friendly and cost-efficient biosorbent for the removal of RR11 from aqueous solution, with promising applications in environmental remediation.