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<p>The increasing demand for sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based lubricants has driven research toward developing biolubricants derived from renewable resources. <i>Brassica carinata</i> oil, with its favorable fatty acid composition, has emerged as a promising feedstock for bio-lubricant production. In this study, we focus on the biosynthesis and characterization of a CaO/SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>/SnO<sub>2</sub> catalyst for the epoxidation of <i>Brassica carinata</i> oil (BCO). The catalyst CaO/SO₄<sup>2</sup>⁻/SnO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized through green synthesis. The FTIR revealed consistent peaks indicative of Sn–O–Sn, Sn–O–Ca, C = O, Sn–O, and Ca–O bonds. CaO undergoes a single-step decomposition with 4.42% weight loss, revealing high-temperature degradation. It contrasts with sulfated tin oxide’s multi-step decomposition profile starting at 80&#xa0;°C with a 7.89% weight loss, reflecting its intricate thermal behavior. The powder XRD analyses revealed the crystal structures of CaO/SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>/SnO<sub>2</sub> nanocomposites synthesized at different ratios (1:3, 1:1, 3:1) and calcination temperatures (500&#xa0;°C, 550&#xa0;°C), confirming the presence of cassiterite SnO<sub>2,</sub> calcium sulfate, and calcium carbonate phases with characteristic diffraction peaks. The 1:3 SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>/SnO<sub>2</sub>:CaO ratio, reveals surface areas ranging from 123 to 148 m<sup>2</sup>/g with cubic and amorphous phases. The epoxidation reaction at higher temperatures (65–79&#xa0;°C) led to BCO conversion exceeding 95% and a drop at 50.9&#xa0;°C, while higher H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/BCO ratios resulted in the highest conversion of 99.5%, The reusability study of CaO/SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>/SnO<sub>2</sub> catalyst in BCO epoxidation over four cycles, facing difficulties in removing residual oil, resulting in a gradual decrease in catalyst effectiveness and lowered conversion rates of double bonds in the oil over subsequent cycles.</p>

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Green synthesis and characterization of bifunctional CaO-sulfated SnO2 catalyst for epoxidation of Brassica carinata seed oil: towards eco-friendly biolubricants

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月14日

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  • Yohannes Assefa Degaga,
  • Shimelis Kebede Kassahun,
  • Sintayehu Nibret Tiruneh

摘要

The increasing demand for sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based lubricants has driven research toward developing biolubricants derived from renewable resources. Brassica carinata oil, with its favorable fatty acid composition, has emerged as a promising feedstock for bio-lubricant production. In this study, we focus on the biosynthesis and characterization of a CaO/SO42−/SnO2 catalyst for the epoxidation of Brassica carinata oil (BCO). The catalyst CaO/SO₄2⁻/SnO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized through green synthesis. The FTIR revealed consistent peaks indicative of Sn–O–Sn, Sn–O–Ca, C = O, Sn–O, and Ca–O bonds. CaO undergoes a single-step decomposition with 4.42% weight loss, revealing high-temperature degradation. It contrasts with sulfated tin oxide’s multi-step decomposition profile starting at 80 °C with a 7.89% weight loss, reflecting its intricate thermal behavior. The powder XRD analyses revealed the crystal structures of CaO/SO42−/SnO2 nanocomposites synthesized at different ratios (1:3, 1:1, 3:1) and calcination temperatures (500 °C, 550 °C), confirming the presence of cassiterite SnO2, calcium sulfate, and calcium carbonate phases with characteristic diffraction peaks. The 1:3 SO42−/SnO2:CaO ratio, reveals surface areas ranging from 123 to 148 m2/g with cubic and amorphous phases. The epoxidation reaction at higher temperatures (65–79 °C) led to BCO conversion exceeding 95% and a drop at 50.9 °C, while higher H2O2/BCO ratios resulted in the highest conversion of 99.5%, The reusability study of CaO/SO42−/SnO2 catalyst in BCO epoxidation over four cycles, facing difficulties in removing residual oil, resulting in a gradual decrease in catalyst effectiveness and lowered conversion rates of double bonds in the oil over subsequent cycles.