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<p>Rice husk (RH), an agricultural residue with low bulk density, poses disposal challenges, and conventional incineration contributes to air pollution. As a sustainable alternative, RH can be modified into value-added products like the activated carbon (AC). The article synthesized AC with the double crucible method that ascertained the elimination of the mandatory inert atmosphere. Experimental optimization focused on activation agents (acetic acid, citric acid, sodium hydroxide), their concentrations (0.5&#xa0;M, 1&#xa0;M, 2&#xa0;M), reaction time (60, 90, 120&#xa0;min), and activation temperature (600&#xa0;°C, 700&#xa0;°C, 800&#xa0;°C). The AC samples were investigated using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission transmission electron microscopy (FETEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, along with yield, proximate, and ultimate analyses. The highest AC yield (79.6%) was achieved through this method. FESEM analysis inferred that the 700&#xa0;°C is the optimal condition for the pore development. Under optimized conditions (700&#xa0;°C, 2&#xa0;M, 90&#xa0;min), proximate analysis conveyed higher carbon content (67.28–79.26%), reduced moisture (0.96–3.63%) and ash (3.98–5.06%) content, and moderate volatile matter (15.28–24.03%). Ultimate analysis revealed 47–59% carbon content with a 39.29% improvement with respect to the RH. BET analysis confirmed superior surface areas for acetic acid–treated samples (317.5 m<sup>2</sup>/g). XRD, SAED, and TGA confirmed an amorphous structure with enhanced thermal stability. Among the treatments, acetic acid provided superior pore development, carbon content, and surface area. In summary, the conducted investigations demonstrated the feasibility of RH deduced AC as a sustainable solution for waste management and material applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Efficacy of double crucible method for the synthesis of activated carbon from rice husk

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月12日

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  • Sneha Singh,
  • Ramagopal Uppaluri

摘要

Rice husk (RH), an agricultural residue with low bulk density, poses disposal challenges, and conventional incineration contributes to air pollution. As a sustainable alternative, RH can be modified into value-added products like the activated carbon (AC). The article synthesized AC with the double crucible method that ascertained the elimination of the mandatory inert atmosphere. Experimental optimization focused on activation agents (acetic acid, citric acid, sodium hydroxide), their concentrations (0.5 M, 1 M, 2 M), reaction time (60, 90, 120 min), and activation temperature (600 °C, 700 °C, 800 °C). The AC samples were investigated using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission transmission electron microscopy (FETEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, along with yield, proximate, and ultimate analyses. The highest AC yield (79.6%) was achieved through this method. FESEM analysis inferred that the 700 °C is the optimal condition for the pore development. Under optimized conditions (700 °C, 2 M, 90 min), proximate analysis conveyed higher carbon content (67.28–79.26%), reduced moisture (0.96–3.63%) and ash (3.98–5.06%) content, and moderate volatile matter (15.28–24.03%). Ultimate analysis revealed 47–59% carbon content with a 39.29% improvement with respect to the RH. BET analysis confirmed superior surface areas for acetic acid–treated samples (317.5 m2/g). XRD, SAED, and TGA confirmed an amorphous structure with enhanced thermal stability. Among the treatments, acetic acid provided superior pore development, carbon content, and surface area. In summary, the conducted investigations demonstrated the feasibility of RH deduced AC as a sustainable solution for waste management and material applications.

Graphical Abstract