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<p>Raspberry leaves are renowned for their abundant biomass and bioactive compounds, making them highly valuable in both medicinal and industrial applications. In this study, the extraction efficiency of bound phenolics (BP) from raspberry leaf residues (<i>Rubus idaeus</i>) was evaluated using four individual processes: water extraction (WA), alkaline hydrolysis (AL), acid hydrolysis (AC), and steam explosion (SE). Among these, the AL process proved most effective in decomposing cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, resulting in a greater release of phenolic compounds such as gallic acid, brevifolincarboxylic acid, and caffeic acid. Additionally, the AL process caused minimal disruption to glycosylated flavonoids, particularly quercetin-3-O-glucuronide. The total phenolic content (TPC) reached a maximum of 64.13 ± 1.86&#xa0;mg GAE/g. Further optimization of the AL process was conducted using response surface methodology, adjusting parameters such as extraction temperature, time, and liquid-to-material ratio. The optimal conditions (AL<sup>#</sup>) were determined to be 49&#xa0;°C, 32&#xa0;min, and 35&#xa0;mL/g. Under these conditions, the TPC of AL<sup>#</sup>BP increased to 95.36 ± 1.58&#xa0;mg GAE/g, and its antioxidant activity was 4.33 times higher than that of the WA extract. Finally, combined processing processes were explored, demonstrating that incorporating AL<sup>#</sup> with ultrasound, SE, and/or high-speed dispersion (H) significantly enhanced the extraction yield. Among them, the AL<sup>#</sup> + H process achieved the best balance between efficiency and yield, with a TPC of 124.44 ± 0.83&#xa0;mg GAE/g. In conclusion, whether applied as a standalone process or integrated into a combined process, the AL process exhibited outstanding extraction efficiency, establishing it as a highly effective technique for releasing BP. In conclusion, whether applied as a standalone process or integrated into a combined process, the AL process exhibited outstanding extraction efficiency, establishing it as a highly effective technique for releasing BP.</p>

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Efficient extraction, characterization, and systematic evaluation of bound polyphenols in raspberry leaf residues

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月5日

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  • Xiaoqian Zheng,
  • Jing Yang,
  • Yiqing Zhao,
  • Xingyu Zhou,
  • Ning Zhang,
  • Yongping Liu

摘要

Raspberry leaves are renowned for their abundant biomass and bioactive compounds, making them highly valuable in both medicinal and industrial applications. In this study, the extraction efficiency of bound phenolics (BP) from raspberry leaf residues (Rubus idaeus) was evaluated using four individual processes: water extraction (WA), alkaline hydrolysis (AL), acid hydrolysis (AC), and steam explosion (SE). Among these, the AL process proved most effective in decomposing cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, resulting in a greater release of phenolic compounds such as gallic acid, brevifolincarboxylic acid, and caffeic acid. Additionally, the AL process caused minimal disruption to glycosylated flavonoids, particularly quercetin-3-O-glucuronide. The total phenolic content (TPC) reached a maximum of 64.13 ± 1.86 mg GAE/g. Further optimization of the AL process was conducted using response surface methodology, adjusting parameters such as extraction temperature, time, and liquid-to-material ratio. The optimal conditions (AL#) were determined to be 49 °C, 32 min, and 35 mL/g. Under these conditions, the TPC of AL#BP increased to 95.36 ± 1.58 mg GAE/g, and its antioxidant activity was 4.33 times higher than that of the WA extract. Finally, combined processing processes were explored, demonstrating that incorporating AL# with ultrasound, SE, and/or high-speed dispersion (H) significantly enhanced the extraction yield. Among them, the AL# + H process achieved the best balance between efficiency and yield, with a TPC of 124.44 ± 0.83 mg GAE/g. In conclusion, whether applied as a standalone process or integrated into a combined process, the AL process exhibited outstanding extraction efficiency, establishing it as a highly effective technique for releasing BP. In conclusion, whether applied as a standalone process or integrated into a combined process, the AL process exhibited outstanding extraction efficiency, establishing it as a highly effective technique for releasing BP.