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<p>Although elephant grass is a renewable, low-cost, and highly productive raw material, its potential for the integrated valorization of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin remains little explored. This study employed an acid–alkaline pretreatment to efficiently fractionate these lignocellulosic components. For the hemicellulose extraction, the little-explored use of organic acids, particularly oxalic acid, was investigated as a sustainable alternative to commonly used mineral acids. To maximize the utilization of all fractions, hemicellulose, and cellulose were used to produce ethanol and xylitol, while lignin was evaluated as an antiproliferative agent against cutaneous melanoma cancer cells (SK-MEL-28). From the cellulose fraction, a high ethanol production yield of 0.42 g<sub>ethanol</sub>/g<sub>glucose</sub> (82% fermentation efficiency) was achieved. However, the oxalic acid concentration used for hemicellulose solubilization adversely affected the metabolism of both wild yeasts, impeding the production of ethanol and xylitol from xylose. The lignin extract demonstrated notable antiproliferative activity. At concentrations of 1000&#xa0;μg/mL and 2000&#xa0;μg/mL, it significantly reduced the viability of melanoma cancer cells and induced apoptotic body formation, without exhibiting cytotoxic effects on normal cells. These findings highlights the versatility of elephant grass as a sustainable resource and, for the first time, reveal the potential of lignin extracted from elephant grass to inhibit the viability of cutaneous melanoma cancer cells, the most aggressive form of skin cancer.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Valorization of elephant grass biomass: ethanol production from cellulose fraction and anticancer application of lignin

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月4日

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  • Aline P. Dresch,
  • Aline R. Schmidt,
  • Matheus Cavali,
  • Gilnei B. Silva,
  • Odinei Fogolari,
  • Daiane Manica,
  • Dayane G. Domingos,
  • Margarete D. Bagatini,
  • Vânia Z. Pinto,
  • Sérgio L. Alves Jr,
  • Guilherme M. Mibielli,
  • João P. Bender,
  • Joel G. Teleken

摘要

Although elephant grass is a renewable, low-cost, and highly productive raw material, its potential for the integrated valorization of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin remains little explored. This study employed an acid–alkaline pretreatment to efficiently fractionate these lignocellulosic components. For the hemicellulose extraction, the little-explored use of organic acids, particularly oxalic acid, was investigated as a sustainable alternative to commonly used mineral acids. To maximize the utilization of all fractions, hemicellulose, and cellulose were used to produce ethanol and xylitol, while lignin was evaluated as an antiproliferative agent against cutaneous melanoma cancer cells (SK-MEL-28). From the cellulose fraction, a high ethanol production yield of 0.42 gethanol/gglucose (82% fermentation efficiency) was achieved. However, the oxalic acid concentration used for hemicellulose solubilization adversely affected the metabolism of both wild yeasts, impeding the production of ethanol and xylitol from xylose. The lignin extract demonstrated notable antiproliferative activity. At concentrations of 1000 μg/mL and 2000 μg/mL, it significantly reduced the viability of melanoma cancer cells and induced apoptotic body formation, without exhibiting cytotoxic effects on normal cells. These findings highlights the versatility of elephant grass as a sustainable resource and, for the first time, reveal the potential of lignin extracted from elephant grass to inhibit the viability of cutaneous melanoma cancer cells, the most aggressive form of skin cancer.

Graphical Abstract