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<p>This research presents the synthesis of a robust dual heterogeneous acid catalyst, JCBS, achieved through the sulfonation of biochar obtained from coconut husk and jute stem, aimed at facilitating cost-effective biodiesel production. The analysis conducted through XRD, SEM, FTIR, XPS, BET, and EDS meticulously examines the morphology and elemental composition, thereby elucidating the effective sulfonation of the material. Under ideal circumstances, the JCBS (sulfonated jute-coconut biochar) catalyst effectively generates biodiesel through an esterification process when compared to CHBS (sulfonated coconut husk biochar), and JSBS (sulfonated jute stem biochar). The process of esterification of oleic acid to FAME utilizing the fabricated catalyst under microwave irradiation achieved a remarkable conversion efficiency of 99.42 ± 1.2%. In contrast, the CHBS and JSBS showed biodiesel yields of 69.12 ± 1.1% and 78.04 ± 0.9%, respectively. The fabricated dual catalyst (JCBS) markedly has decreased activation energy, achieving a value of 54.9&#xa0;kJ/mol. The findings were validated using NMR and GC–MS data. The catalyst was reusable for up to five consecutive esterification cycles, maintaining an efficiency of 89.92 ± 0.6%, so illustrating its exceptional stability. This study presents an ecologically sound heterogeneous acid catalyst for biodiesel production and utilization of energy challenges.</p>

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Transforming waste biomass to a heterogenous acid catalyst for microwave-assisted biodiesel production: empirical evaluation and kinetic study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月12日

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  • Musfica Sultana,
  • Mohammed Ahmaruzzaman

摘要

This research presents the synthesis of a robust dual heterogeneous acid catalyst, JCBS, achieved through the sulfonation of biochar obtained from coconut husk and jute stem, aimed at facilitating cost-effective biodiesel production. The analysis conducted through XRD, SEM, FTIR, XPS, BET, and EDS meticulously examines the morphology and elemental composition, thereby elucidating the effective sulfonation of the material. Under ideal circumstances, the JCBS (sulfonated jute-coconut biochar) catalyst effectively generates biodiesel through an esterification process when compared to CHBS (sulfonated coconut husk biochar), and JSBS (sulfonated jute stem biochar). The process of esterification of oleic acid to FAME utilizing the fabricated catalyst under microwave irradiation achieved a remarkable conversion efficiency of 99.42 ± 1.2%. In contrast, the CHBS and JSBS showed biodiesel yields of 69.12 ± 1.1% and 78.04 ± 0.9%, respectively. The fabricated dual catalyst (JCBS) markedly has decreased activation energy, achieving a value of 54.9 kJ/mol. The findings were validated using NMR and GC–MS data. The catalyst was reusable for up to five consecutive esterification cycles, maintaining an efficiency of 89.92 ± 0.6%, so illustrating its exceptional stability. This study presents an ecologically sound heterogeneous acid catalyst for biodiesel production and utilization of energy challenges.