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<p>This study investigates the phytochemical composition and bioactivity of methanolic extract of <i>Mangifera indica</i> peel (MEMP). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) identified 17 polyphenolic compounds, with gallic acid (55.60 μg/mL) and chlorogenic acid (73.63 μg/mL) being the most abundant. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) detected 84 volatile compounds, with palmitic acid (24.4%) and gallic acid (17.2%) dominating. MEMP demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.018 mg/mL and 0.037 mg/mL, respectively. In anticancer assays, MEMP exhibited selective cytotoxicity against HepG-2 liver cancer cells (IC<sub>50</sub>, 72.33 µg/mL, selectivity index (SI, 51.24) while sparing normal HSF cells (CC<sub>50</sub>, 3706 µg/mL), achieving a favorable safety index. The extract significantly reduced cell migration and metastasis by downregulating MMP-2 (0.590-fold) and MMP-9 (0.565-fold) gene expression. In antiviral studies, MEMP showed notable activity against HSV-1 (IC<sub>50</sub>, 2.697 µg/mL; SI, 1374.12) and adenovirus-7 (IC50, 18.19 µg/mL; SI, 203.74). Molecular docking studies revealed rosmarinic acid and rutin as the strongest inhibitors of MMP-2, with binding affinities of − 9.3 kcal/mol for both compounds. For MMP-9, rosmarinic acid and naringenin demonstrated the best binding affinities (− 9.4 kcal/mol each), indicating their potential to suppress cancer metastasis. In antiviral assays, rutin exhibited the highest binding affinity to HSV-1 DNA polymerase (ΔG, − 9.4 kcal/mol) and thymidine kinase (ΔG, − 8.0 kcal/mol), highlighting its potential to disrupt viral replication. Naringenin and ellagic acid also showed notable antiviral activity, with binding affinities of − 7.4 and − 8.0 kcal/mol, respectively, against HSV-1 DNA polymerase. These interactions underline the therapeutic relevance of these compounds in cancer metastasis and viral infections. The current study underscores the therapeutic potential of MEMP in oncology and infectious disease management while reducing waste and promoting environmental sustainability. Future studies should explore eco-friendly extraction methods and in vivo models to further validate its clinical applications.</p>

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Therapeutic perspectives of Mangifera indica L. peel extract: phytochemical profile, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiviral efficacy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月16日

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  • Jehan S. Albrahim,
  • Esmail M. El-Fakharany,
  • Hamada El-Gendi,
  • Ahmed K. Saleh,
  • Yousra A. El-Maradny

摘要

This study investigates the phytochemical composition and bioactivity of methanolic extract of Mangifera indica peel (MEMP). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) identified 17 polyphenolic compounds, with gallic acid (55.60 μg/mL) and chlorogenic acid (73.63 μg/mL) being the most abundant. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) detected 84 volatile compounds, with palmitic acid (24.4%) and gallic acid (17.2%) dominating. MEMP demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.018 mg/mL and 0.037 mg/mL, respectively. In anticancer assays, MEMP exhibited selective cytotoxicity against HepG-2 liver cancer cells (IC50, 72.33 µg/mL, selectivity index (SI, 51.24) while sparing normal HSF cells (CC50, 3706 µg/mL), achieving a favorable safety index. The extract significantly reduced cell migration and metastasis by downregulating MMP-2 (0.590-fold) and MMP-9 (0.565-fold) gene expression. In antiviral studies, MEMP showed notable activity against HSV-1 (IC50, 2.697 µg/mL; SI, 1374.12) and adenovirus-7 (IC50, 18.19 µg/mL; SI, 203.74). Molecular docking studies revealed rosmarinic acid and rutin as the strongest inhibitors of MMP-2, with binding affinities of − 9.3 kcal/mol for both compounds. For MMP-9, rosmarinic acid and naringenin demonstrated the best binding affinities (− 9.4 kcal/mol each), indicating their potential to suppress cancer metastasis. In antiviral assays, rutin exhibited the highest binding affinity to HSV-1 DNA polymerase (ΔG, − 9.4 kcal/mol) and thymidine kinase (ΔG, − 8.0 kcal/mol), highlighting its potential to disrupt viral replication. Naringenin and ellagic acid also showed notable antiviral activity, with binding affinities of − 7.4 and − 8.0 kcal/mol, respectively, against HSV-1 DNA polymerase. These interactions underline the therapeutic relevance of these compounds in cancer metastasis and viral infections. The current study underscores the therapeutic potential of MEMP in oncology and infectious disease management while reducing waste and promoting environmental sustainability. Future studies should explore eco-friendly extraction methods and in vivo models to further validate its clinical applications.