Biogas to chemicals: a review of the state-of-the-art conversion processes

The escalating energy crisis underscores the need for sustainable alternatives to traditional energy sources. Biogas, derived from the anaerobic digestion of organic waste, is emerging as a promising renewable energy source, with methane and carbon dioxide as its key constituents. Research on biogas conversion processes is crucial for the transformation of biogas, which includes biogas reforming techniques such as biogas steam reforming (BSR), sorption enhanced steam reforming (SESR), autothermal reforming (ATR), and dry reforming of biogas (DRB). These processes can convert biogas into valuable products such as hydrogen and methanol. This review critically evaluates the existing challenges and the potential development directions in the field possible through the adjustment of reaction conditions and innovative designs in the biogas conversion processes. Furthermore, it explores the potential of biogas in the production of various high-value chemicals, providing a comprehensive perspective on its applications in the energy and chemical industries.