A sustainable biomass-based microcrystalline cellulosic biofiller from Cissus quadrangularis Linn plant stem: biomass to biomaterial approach

The agro-waste materials possess a wide range of prospective applications, especially after the recycling process. In many areas, plants grown without water are rich in cellulosic fibre throughout all parts. In this regard, cellulose was extracted from the plant Cissus quadrangularis Linn stem in this investigation. To optimise the efficiency of cellulose extraction from waste, various chemical methods can be utilised, such as acid hydrolysis, neutralisation, bleaching, and slow pyrolysis. Fourier transform spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were all employed to gain further insights into the isolated cellulose. The cellulose powder exhibited a crystalline size of 12.30 nm and a crystallite size of 65.08% as measured using XRD analysis. When subjected to SEM, a spherical and abrasive surface was detected. The differential thermogram curve indicates that degradation occurs at a maximum temperature of 377.31 °C. Using ImageJ, the microparticles, with an average diameter of 60–80 µm, were distinguished. AFM was utilised to evaluate the surface roughness and skewness of the particles. The density of the isolated cellulose is 1.513 g/cm³, and the yield percentage was 69.08%. Consequently, enhancing its properties could potentially increase the feasibility of cellulose for future applications.