Preparation and characterization of palm tree flower biomass-based biochar and its application for the effective removal of methyl violet dye

In this study, palm tree flowers (PTF), an agro waste are used to articulate biochar, which is employed as a sorbent for the removal of harmful methyl violet (MV) dye from an aqueous environment. The prepared biochar (sorbent) is characterized by XRD, FTIR, TGA-DTG, and SEM–EDX. The Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed for the sorptive elimination of MV using biochar prepared from PTF. BBD is used to optimize the four operational parameters that affect MV adsorption viz. Biochar dosage (1–3 g/100 ml), pH (3–9), temperature (30–50 °C), and agitation speed (100–300 rpm). The optimal condition of pH—8, temperature—36 °C, biochar dosage—1.8 g/100 ml, and agitation speed—180 rpm gives the highest MV elimination of 93.5%. The significant parametric interactions towards MV elimination (%) can be seen across components, according to the ANOVA test. A pseudo-first-order model gives an accurate description of the adsorption kinetic process. Langmuir isotherm gives the maximum MV uptake of 87.93 mg/g. The study’s findings indicate that biochar prepared from PTF could be utilized as a dependable and efficient biosorbent for the elimination of MV from aquatic ecosystems.