Biological applications of Cupressus sempervirens biomass extracted at various levels of pressure using different critical fluid extraction protocol

Cupressus sempervirens (C. sempervirens) is a traditional plant that has been used to manage some chronic diseases which make burden to global health concern. Many traditional methods have been applied to derive various effective molecules from C. sempervirens. In the present investigation various pressure levels (20, 30, and 45 Mpa) have been applied to derive various bioactive products from C. sempervirens leaves. Total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were examined in different cases where 20 Mpa produced maximal concentration of these products compared to other pressure levels. HPLC has been used to qualitatively screen polyphenolic compounds in various extracts where the extract using 20 Mpa showed maximal products levels. Antimicrobial assay has been done versus Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 23235), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC29212), Escherichia coli (ATCC25922), Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC13883), Candida albicans (ATCC10231), and Mucor racemosus (ATCC42647) upon using various extracts where C. sempervirens extracted using 20 Mpa had the maximal inhibition zone versus Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC13883) of 25 ± 0.3 mm and showed higher anti-biofilm impact versus K. pneumonia (ATCC13883) upon using 75% of MBC. Applying 20-Mpa extraction pressure has a maximal antioxidant impact with IC₅₀ = 3.05 ± 0.1 µg/ml. There was a minimal difference in lipase and amylase inhibitions upon using the tree pressure levels. Furthermore, there was a slight change in the antidiabetic action of C. sempervirens upon changing pressure. Collectively, elevation of pressure in supercritical fluid extraction of C. sempervirens decreases the impact of some antimicrobial action and has a minimal impact on other tested applications.