<p>Employing the <i>q</i>-Lucas theorem and some known <i>q</i>-supercongruences, we give some Dwork-type <i>q</i>-congruences, confirming three conjectures in [J. Combin. Theory, Ser. A 178 (2021), Art.&#xa0;105362]. As conclusions, we obtain the following supercongruences: for any prime <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13398_2025_1762_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="106" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(p\equiv 1\pmod {4}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mo>≡</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="4.44443pt" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>mod</mo> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <mn>4</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and positive integer <i>r</i>, <Equation ID="Equ47"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13398_2025_1762_Article_Equ47.gif" Format="GIF" Height="117" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="347" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} \sum _{k=0}^{(p^r-1)/2} \frac{(\frac{1}{2})_k^3}{k!^3}&amp;\equiv -\Gamma _p(\tfrac{1}{4})^4 \sum _{k=0}^{(p^{r-1}-1)/2} \frac{(\frac{1}{2})_k^3}{k!^3} \pmod {p^{r+1}}, \\ \sum _{k=0}^{p^r-1} \frac{(\frac{1}{2})_k^3}{k!^3}&amp;\equiv -\Gamma _p(\tfrac{1}{4})^4 \sum _{k=0}^{p^{r-1}-1} \frac{(\frac{1}{2})_k^3}{k!^3} \pmod {p^{r+1}}, \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mi>r</mi> </msup> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </munderover> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msubsup> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <msup> <mo>!</mo> <mn>3</mn> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mo>≡</mo> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mi>p</mi> </msub> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </msup> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow> <mi>r</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </munderover> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msubsup> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <msup> <mo>!</mo> <mn>3</mn> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> <mspace width="10.0pt" /> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>mod</mo> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow> <mi>r</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <mrow /> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mi>r</mi> </msup> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </munderover> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msubsup> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <msup> <mo>!</mo> <mn>3</mn> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mo>≡</mo> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mi>p</mi> </msub> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </msup> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow> <mi>r</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </munderover> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msubsup> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <msup> <mo>!</mo> <mn>3</mn> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> <mspace width="10.0pt" /> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>mod</mo> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow> <mi>r</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>where <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13398_2025_1762_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="155" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((x)_n=\Gamma (x+n)/\Gamma (x)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13398_2025_1762_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="40" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Gamma _p(x)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mi>p</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> stands for the <i>p</i>-adic Gamma function. The first one confirms a weaker form of Swisher’s (H.3) conjecture for <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13398_2025_1762_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="106" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(p\equiv 1\pmod {4}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mo>≡</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="4.44443pt" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>mod</mo> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <mn>4</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, which originally predicts that the supercongruence is true modulo <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13398_2025_1762_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="24" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(p^{3r}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.</p>

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Dwork-type q-congruences through the q-Lucas theorem

  • Victor J. W. Guo

摘要

Employing the q-Lucas theorem and some known q-supercongruences, we give some Dwork-type q-congruences, confirming three conjectures in [J. Combin. Theory, Ser. A 178 (2021), Art. 105362]. As conclusions, we obtain the following supercongruences: for any prime \(p\equiv 1\pmod {4}\) p 1 ( mod 4 ) and positive integer r, \(\begin{aligned} \sum _{k=0}^{(p^r-1)/2} \frac{(\frac{1}{2})_k^3}{k!^3}&\equiv -\Gamma _p(\tfrac{1}{4})^4 \sum _{k=0}^{(p^{r-1}-1)/2} \frac{(\frac{1}{2})_k^3}{k!^3} \pmod {p^{r+1}}, \\ \sum _{k=0}^{p^r-1} \frac{(\frac{1}{2})_k^3}{k!^3}&\equiv -\Gamma _p(\tfrac{1}{4})^4 \sum _{k=0}^{p^{r-1}-1} \frac{(\frac{1}{2})_k^3}{k!^3} \pmod {p^{r+1}}, \end{aligned}\) k = 0 ( p r - 1 ) / 2 ( 1 2 ) k 3 k ! 3 - Γ p ( 1 4 ) 4 k = 0 ( p r - 1 - 1 ) / 2 ( 1 2 ) k 3 k ! 3 ( mod p r + 1 ) , k = 0 p r - 1 ( 1 2 ) k 3 k ! 3 - Γ p ( 1 4 ) 4 k = 0 p r - 1 - 1 ( 1 2 ) k 3 k ! 3 ( mod p r + 1 ) , where \((x)_n=\Gamma (x+n)/\Gamma (x)\) ( x ) n = Γ ( x + n ) / Γ ( x ) , and \(\Gamma _p(x)\) Γ p ( x ) stands for the p-adic Gamma function. The first one confirms a weaker form of Swisher’s (H.3) conjecture for \(p\equiv 1\pmod {4}\) p 1 ( mod 4 ) , which originally predicts that the supercongruence is true modulo \(p^{3r}\) p 3 r .