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<p>Nano-formulated skin care products with skin whitening effects are in high demand, particularly for Asians, because of better topical delivery and enhanced permeation. While single nano-formulated α-mangostin or kojic acid (KA)-containing emulsions are popular, the double emulsion formulation system remains lacking. The study formulated a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsion containing α-mangostin and kojic acid (KA) using a combined high-energy method, followed by physicochemical characterization and sensory evaluation. Both centrifugal and freeze–thaw cycle tests proved that the W/O/W double emulsion was obtained and highly stable. Initial skin spread skin tests showed that X2 (4% Span 80, 1.5% xanthan gum) and X3 (2% Span 80, 2% xanthan gum) were absorbed rapidly through the skin, more so for X2. The high conductivity value of X2 (5.86–6.93 µS/cm) gave a mean particle size (MPS) and PDI of 195.9&#xa0;nm ± 1.308 and 0.272 ± 0.003, respectively, atomic force micrograph's droplet size (154.34 ± 37.521&#xa0;nm) in the. Likewise, phase separation was absent in the long-term storage stability test (seven weeks) at 25 ± 2&#xa0;°C, retaining good zeta potential ( – 36.13 ± 2.97&#xa0;mV), pH (4.39 ± 0.09), MPS (162.9–418.9&#xa0;nm), and PDI (0.272–0.525&#xa0;nm). The generally non-linear room plot proved that the X2 destabilization was not coalescence-related but a late onset of Ostwald ripening. The sensory evaluation results proved the α-mangostin and KA W/O/W double nanoemulsion's comparability to a commercial cream, with the former scoring substantially higher for aroma, thickness, and spreadability (8.0). Thus, the study's findings conveyed the double nanoemulsion's promising use in the cosmeceutical industry.</p>

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A Novel Water-in-Oil-in-Water Double Nanoemulsion of α-Mangostin and Kojic Acid for Topical Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • Aie Yin Heng,
  • Roswanira Abdul Wahab,
  • Ghani Ur Rehman,
  • Mohd Hamdi Zainal Abidin,
  • Keng Yinn Wong

摘要

Nano-formulated skin care products with skin whitening effects are in high demand, particularly for Asians, because of better topical delivery and enhanced permeation. While single nano-formulated α-mangostin or kojic acid (KA)-containing emulsions are popular, the double emulsion formulation system remains lacking. The study formulated a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsion containing α-mangostin and kojic acid (KA) using a combined high-energy method, followed by physicochemical characterization and sensory evaluation. Both centrifugal and freeze–thaw cycle tests proved that the W/O/W double emulsion was obtained and highly stable. Initial skin spread skin tests showed that X2 (4% Span 80, 1.5% xanthan gum) and X3 (2% Span 80, 2% xanthan gum) were absorbed rapidly through the skin, more so for X2. The high conductivity value of X2 (5.86–6.93 µS/cm) gave a mean particle size (MPS) and PDI of 195.9 nm ± 1.308 and 0.272 ± 0.003, respectively, atomic force micrograph's droplet size (154.34 ± 37.521 nm) in the. Likewise, phase separation was absent in the long-term storage stability test (seven weeks) at 25 ± 2 °C, retaining good zeta potential ( – 36.13 ± 2.97 mV), pH (4.39 ± 0.09), MPS (162.9–418.9 nm), and PDI (0.272–0.525 nm). The generally non-linear room plot proved that the X2 destabilization was not coalescence-related but a late onset of Ostwald ripening. The sensory evaluation results proved the α-mangostin and KA W/O/W double nanoemulsion's comparability to a commercial cream, with the former scoring substantially higher for aroma, thickness, and spreadability (8.0). Thus, the study's findings conveyed the double nanoemulsion's promising use in the cosmeceutical industry.