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<p>This study evaluates the combined effects of hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) share and diesel injection timing (DIT) on combustion, performance, and emissions in a heavy-duty common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine operating in dual-fuel mode. Experiments were conducted at a constant speed of 1700&#xa0;rpm under varying loads (0–100&#xa0;Nm, step: 20&#xa0;Nm). Diesel acted as a high-reactivity pilot fuel (direct injection), while H<sub>2</sub> served as a low-reactivity secondary fuel (port injection, 5–25 SLPM). DIT significantly influenced the in-cylinder pressure behavior. At 8° bTDC, peak cylinder pressure decreased with increasing H<sub>2</sub> flow, whereas at 12° bTDC, pressure initially increased and then declined at higher H<sub>2</sub> rates. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) improved with load for both timings, with an optimum H<sub>2</sub> flow of 15 SLPM achieving ~ 42% BTE (from ~ 25%) at 80&#xa0;Nm. Brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC) was minimized at 12° bTDC with 20 SLPM H<sub>2</sub> at 100&#xa0;Nm. Enhanced combustion under H<sub>2</sub> enrichment led to a ~ 60% reduction in CO emissions and lower HC emissions, while CO<sub>2</sub> remained relatively stable. However, NO<sub>x</sub> emissions increased due to higher in-cylinder temperatures associated with advanced combustion. Overall, BTE increased with increasing hydrogen flow rate and advanced injection timing, reaching its highest values at 20–25 SLPM H<sub>2</sub> and 12° bTDC. However, considering the combined effects of performance, combustion characteristics, and emissions, the most balanced operating condition was achieved at 15 SLPM H<sub>2</sub>, 12° bTDC, and 80&#xa0;Nm load. The results ensured that current research enhances combustion efficiency and engine performance.</p>

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Synergistic Effects of Hydrogen Mass Flow Rate and Injection Angle on the Combustion Dynamics, Performance, and Emission Profiles of a Dual-Fuel CRDI Heavy-Duty Engine

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月19日

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  • Balaji Chouhan,
  • Ajmeera Naresh,
  • Ravi Kumar Puli,
  • Suresh Goka

摘要

This study evaluates the combined effects of hydrogen (H2) share and diesel injection timing (DIT) on combustion, performance, and emissions in a heavy-duty common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine operating in dual-fuel mode. Experiments were conducted at a constant speed of 1700 rpm under varying loads (0–100 Nm, step: 20 Nm). Diesel acted as a high-reactivity pilot fuel (direct injection), while H2 served as a low-reactivity secondary fuel (port injection, 5–25 SLPM). DIT significantly influenced the in-cylinder pressure behavior. At 8° bTDC, peak cylinder pressure decreased with increasing H2 flow, whereas at 12° bTDC, pressure initially increased and then declined at higher H2 rates. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) improved with load for both timings, with an optimum H2 flow of 15 SLPM achieving ~ 42% BTE (from ~ 25%) at 80 Nm. Brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC) was minimized at 12° bTDC with 20 SLPM H2 at 100 Nm. Enhanced combustion under H2 enrichment led to a ~ 60% reduction in CO emissions and lower HC emissions, while CO2 remained relatively stable. However, NOx emissions increased due to higher in-cylinder temperatures associated with advanced combustion. Overall, BTE increased with increasing hydrogen flow rate and advanced injection timing, reaching its highest values at 20–25 SLPM H2 and 12° bTDC. However, considering the combined effects of performance, combustion characteristics, and emissions, the most balanced operating condition was achieved at 15 SLPM H2, 12° bTDC, and 80 Nm load. The results ensured that current research enhances combustion efficiency and engine performance.