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<p>Industrially released poisonous and carcinogenic organic chemicals pollute natural water and air reservoirs, ultimately presenting a global hazard to both aquatic life and humanity. To degrade the phenolic compounds released by industry, a ternary nanocomposite consisting of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NH<sub>2</sub>-APTES/rGO/AgBr was synthesized via reflux under UV-C irradiation. Contrary to previous work on Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-rGO or Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-AgBr-based catalysts, here, functionalization of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) resulted in enhanced interfacial bonding, dispersion, and stability, while decreasing agglomeration and promoting charge transfer. The nanocomposite was systematically analyzed using XRD, FESEM, TEM, TGA, FTIR, and PL techniques. Increased surface area and magnetic properties were confirmed using the BET and VSM techniques, respectively. For an&#xa0;optimal phenol concentration of 50&#xa0;ppm, the ternary nanocomposite degraded phenol by 94% within 8&#xa0;h compared with Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NH<sub>2</sub>-APTES@AgBr (~ 81%), Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NH<sub>2</sub>-APTES@rGO (~ 72%), and bare Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (~ 59%). Improved performance can be attributed to enhanced stability and charge separation enabled by APTES functionalization, rGO, and AgBr, respectively. The kinetic study revealed that the degradation of phenol followed the pseudo-first-order degradation kinetics. The optimum conditions for the degradation of phenol include a pH value of 7, a hydrogen peroxide concentration of 15&#xa0;mM, 25&#xa0;ppm of phenol, and 0.4&#xa0;g of catalyst dosage. Mechanical analyses found that the main active species are hydroxyl and superoxide radicals. There was minimal leaching, which signified a longer life of the catalyst and limited environmental hazard. At high pH, high concentrations of either phenol or catalyst resulted in poor degradation due to electrostatic repulsion and light scattering, respectively. Hydroxyl and superoxide radicals were found to be responsible for most of the reactions. Low metal leaching and high recyclability (&gt; 80% efficiency after five rounds of regeneration) showed good potential for practical applications.</p>

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Facile Synthesis of APTES-Functionalized Fe3O4/rGO/AgBr Ternary Nanocomposite for Efficient Phenol Photodegradation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月30日

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  • Ghani Ur Rehman,
  • Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman,
  • Suriani Abu Bakar,
  • Zeeshan Khan,
  • Hotaf Hassan Makki,
  • Jerry Y. Y. Heng,
  • Mohammed E. Ali Mohsin,
  • Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan

摘要

Industrially released poisonous and carcinogenic organic chemicals pollute natural water and air reservoirs, ultimately presenting a global hazard to both aquatic life and humanity. To degrade the phenolic compounds released by industry, a ternary nanocomposite consisting of Fe3O4-NH2-APTES/rGO/AgBr was synthesized via reflux under UV-C irradiation. Contrary to previous work on Fe3O4-rGO or Fe3O4-AgBr-based catalysts, here, functionalization of Fe3O4 with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) resulted in enhanced interfacial bonding, dispersion, and stability, while decreasing agglomeration and promoting charge transfer. The nanocomposite was systematically analyzed using XRD, FESEM, TEM, TGA, FTIR, and PL techniques. Increased surface area and magnetic properties were confirmed using the BET and VSM techniques, respectively. For an optimal phenol concentration of 50 ppm, the ternary nanocomposite degraded phenol by 94% within 8 h compared with Fe3O4-NH2-APTES@AgBr (~ 81%), Fe3O4-NH2-APTES@rGO (~ 72%), and bare Fe3O4 (~ 59%). Improved performance can be attributed to enhanced stability and charge separation enabled by APTES functionalization, rGO, and AgBr, respectively. The kinetic study revealed that the degradation of phenol followed the pseudo-first-order degradation kinetics. The optimum conditions for the degradation of phenol include a pH value of 7, a hydrogen peroxide concentration of 15 mM, 25 ppm of phenol, and 0.4 g of catalyst dosage. Mechanical analyses found that the main active species are hydroxyl and superoxide radicals. There was minimal leaching, which signified a longer life of the catalyst and limited environmental hazard. At high pH, high concentrations of either phenol or catalyst resulted in poor degradation due to electrostatic repulsion and light scattering, respectively. Hydroxyl and superoxide radicals were found to be responsible for most of the reactions. Low metal leaching and high recyclability (> 80% efficiency after five rounds of regeneration) showed good potential for practical applications.