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<p>The valorization of biomass-derived levulinic acid (LA) into γ-valerolactone (GVL) presents a sustainable route for producing value-added chemicals and biofuels. The current study investigates the aqueous-phase hydrogenation of LA using 5 wt% Pd/C as a catalyst in a high-pressure batch reactor. The effects of key process parameters as reaction time, temperature, hydrogen pressure, catalyst loading, and reactant concentration on LA conversion and GVL yield were systematically evaluated. The optimal reaction conditions identified as 220&#xa0;°C, 30&#xa0;bar H₂ pressure, 5% catalyst loading, and 4&#xa0;g LA in 50&#xa0;mL water as solvent, resulted in 97.33% GVL yield and 96.76% LA conversion. Kinetic modeling using the Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson (LHHW) approach revealed that hydrogenation followed a surface-controlled mechanism with estimated activation energy of 71.08&#xa0;kJ/mol. The total energy required was also calculated based on the electrical energy consumption. The study demonstrates the potential of&#xa0;Pd/C as an effective catalyst for the selective and environmentally friendly manufacture of GVL coupled with process to maximize the yields based on understanding into effect of process parameters and kinetic modeling.</p>

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Improved γ-Valerolactone Production Involving Aqueous-Phase Hydrogenation of Levulinic Acid over Pd/C: Understanding into Effect of Process Parameters and Kinetic Modeling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • Madhuri M. Kininge,
  • Parag R. Gogate

摘要

The valorization of biomass-derived levulinic acid (LA) into γ-valerolactone (GVL) presents a sustainable route for producing value-added chemicals and biofuels. The current study investigates the aqueous-phase hydrogenation of LA using 5 wt% Pd/C as a catalyst in a high-pressure batch reactor. The effects of key process parameters as reaction time, temperature, hydrogen pressure, catalyst loading, and reactant concentration on LA conversion and GVL yield were systematically evaluated. The optimal reaction conditions identified as 220 °C, 30 bar H₂ pressure, 5% catalyst loading, and 4 g LA in 50 mL water as solvent, resulted in 97.33% GVL yield and 96.76% LA conversion. Kinetic modeling using the Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson (LHHW) approach revealed that hydrogenation followed a surface-controlled mechanism with estimated activation energy of 71.08 kJ/mol. The total energy required was also calculated based on the electrical energy consumption. The study demonstrates the potential of Pd/C as an effective catalyst for the selective and environmentally friendly manufacture of GVL coupled with process to maximize the yields based on understanding into effect of process parameters and kinetic modeling.