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<p>The discharge of persistent azo dyes such as Congo Red (CR) into aquatic environments poses serious ecological threats due to their high stability and toxicity. This study aims to develop an efficient, magnetically recoverable photocatalyst capable of degrading CR under near-neutral conditions. A ternary Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/CS/NiO nanocomposite was successfully synthesized via a simple co-precipitation method and characterized using XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, UV-DRS, and VSM to assess its physicochemical properties. The material exhibited spherical morphology with an average diameter of 45.96 ± 0.77&#xa0;nm, an optical band gap of 2.88&#xa0;eV, and soft magnetic behavior with a saturation magnetization of 36.66&#xa0;emu/g, enabling efficient magnetic recovery. Box–Behnken optimization revealed optimal operating conditions at pH 6.38, 22.59&#xa0;mg/L CR, 36.46&#xa0;mg catalyst, and 71&#xa0;min irradiation, achieving 98.21% degradation. The nanocomposite also maintained 99.64% efficiency after five successive cycles with negligible structural change, confirming its durability and reuse potential. Co-existing ion tests revealed that most common ions had minimal influence on photocatalytic performance, whereas NH<sub>4</sub>⁺ and OH⁻ were the only species causing noticeable inhibition. Real-water experiments conducted using drinking water, tap water, and river water further confirmed the robustness of the system, maintaining &gt; 90% CR removal efficiency despite the complexity of natural matrices. Overall, the Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/CS/NiO system demonstrates strong promise as a sustainable and magnetically recyclable photocatalyst for wastewater purification.</p>

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A Novel Fe3O4/Chitosan/NiO Hybrid Nanocatalyst Enabling Near-Neutral and Magnetically Recoverable Photodegradation of Congo Red

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月23日

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  • Abdul Aji,
  • Hani Sifa Nida,
  • Demi Dama Yanti,
  • Reyhan Puji Putranto,
  • Muhammad Yogi Saputra,
  • Hawa Purnama Celala Ary Cane,
  • Amalia Kurnia Amin

摘要

The discharge of persistent azo dyes such as Congo Red (CR) into aquatic environments poses serious ecological threats due to their high stability and toxicity. This study aims to develop an efficient, magnetically recoverable photocatalyst capable of degrading CR under near-neutral conditions. A ternary Fe3O4/CS/NiO nanocomposite was successfully synthesized via a simple co-precipitation method and characterized using XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, UV-DRS, and VSM to assess its physicochemical properties. The material exhibited spherical morphology with an average diameter of 45.96 ± 0.77 nm, an optical band gap of 2.88 eV, and soft magnetic behavior with a saturation magnetization of 36.66 emu/g, enabling efficient magnetic recovery. Box–Behnken optimization revealed optimal operating conditions at pH 6.38, 22.59 mg/L CR, 36.46 mg catalyst, and 71 min irradiation, achieving 98.21% degradation. The nanocomposite also maintained 99.64% efficiency after five successive cycles with negligible structural change, confirming its durability and reuse potential. Co-existing ion tests revealed that most common ions had minimal influence on photocatalytic performance, whereas NH4⁺ and OH⁻ were the only species causing noticeable inhibition. Real-water experiments conducted using drinking water, tap water, and river water further confirmed the robustness of the system, maintaining > 90% CR removal efficiency despite the complexity of natural matrices. Overall, the Fe3O4/CS/NiO system demonstrates strong promise as a sustainable and magnetically recyclable photocatalyst for wastewater purification.