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<p>Cement production poses significant environmental challenges, contributing approximately 7–8% of the world’s CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, making it a major source of climate change. Moreover, this study investigates the effectiveness of incorporating crab shell powder (CSP) as a sustainable partial cement replacement in high-strength concrete (HSC). CSP was assessed in two forms as novel techniques for enhancing high-strength concrete: uncalcined crab shell powder (UCSP) and calcined crab shell powder (CCSP). Concrete mixtures were designed with CSP replacement levels of 2.5–10% individually and blended mixtures totaling 7.5%. The fresh properties, compressive strength (CS), splitting tensile, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and microstructural characteristics were systematically evaluated by response surface methodology (RSM) and the environmental impacts study. Results indicated that increased CSP reduced the slump, especially pronounced with 10%UCSP, with a maximum slump reduction of 31.8%. Mechanical properties significantly improved with CSP, notably with CCSP. The optimal RSM-optimized mix (10% CCSP) yielded the highest overall desirability (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.980), showing substantial enhancements over the Ref.-mix: CS at 28&#xa0;days increased by 24.4%. Microstructural analyses revealed that CSP refined the cement matrix by reducing porosity and enhancing particle packing. These findings validate CSP as a viable and environmentally beneficial material for high-performance concrete applications. The 10% CCSP mix demonstrated an environmental impact of a 21% reduction in cost/MPa, 9.54% in CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, and 7.34% in energy consumption. These findings indicate that utilizing UCSP and CCSP materials offers cost-effective solutions and significant environmental benefits, making these alternatives suitable for sustainable construction practices. Incorporating the optimized blend of CSP into HSC demonstrates a viable pathway for marine waste valorization, directly supporting sustainable infrastructure development while maintaining superior performance for construction applications.</p>

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Optimization of HSC Using Crab Shell-Based Cement Substitutes Through a Response Surface Methodology Study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月18日

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  • Abdullah M. Zeyad,
  • Ibrahim Saad Agwa,
  • Abdulnaser M. Alshoaibi,
  • Hassan M. Magbool,
  • Nour Bassim Frahat

摘要

Cement production poses significant environmental challenges, contributing approximately 7–8% of the world’s CO2 emissions, making it a major source of climate change. Moreover, this study investigates the effectiveness of incorporating crab shell powder (CSP) as a sustainable partial cement replacement in high-strength concrete (HSC). CSP was assessed in two forms as novel techniques for enhancing high-strength concrete: uncalcined crab shell powder (UCSP) and calcined crab shell powder (CCSP). Concrete mixtures were designed with CSP replacement levels of 2.5–10% individually and blended mixtures totaling 7.5%. The fresh properties, compressive strength (CS), splitting tensile, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and microstructural characteristics were systematically evaluated by response surface methodology (RSM) and the environmental impacts study. Results indicated that increased CSP reduced the slump, especially pronounced with 10%UCSP, with a maximum slump reduction of 31.8%. Mechanical properties significantly improved with CSP, notably with CCSP. The optimal RSM-optimized mix (10% CCSP) yielded the highest overall desirability (R2 = 0.980), showing substantial enhancements over the Ref.-mix: CS at 28 days increased by 24.4%. Microstructural analyses revealed that CSP refined the cement matrix by reducing porosity and enhancing particle packing. These findings validate CSP as a viable and environmentally beneficial material for high-performance concrete applications. The 10% CCSP mix demonstrated an environmental impact of a 21% reduction in cost/MPa, 9.54% in CO2 emissions, and 7.34% in energy consumption. These findings indicate that utilizing UCSP and CCSP materials offers cost-effective solutions and significant environmental benefits, making these alternatives suitable for sustainable construction practices. Incorporating the optimized blend of CSP into HSC demonstrates a viable pathway for marine waste valorization, directly supporting sustainable infrastructure development while maintaining superior performance for construction applications.