<p>Titanium alloys are widely utilized in aerospace, biomedical, and industrial applications due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent corrosion resistance, and favorable mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. To further enhance their performance, advanced surface modification techniques such as ion and electron beam treatments have been extensively explored. This review examines the impact of these techniques on titanium alloys, focusing on microstructural changes, mechanical property enhancements, and industrial applications. Key electron beam processes, including surface modification, additive manufacturing, and welding, are discussed concerning their effects on hardness, strength, and tribological behavior. Additionally, ion beam implantation is reviewed for its role in improving surface hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion performance. By summarizing recent advancements, this study provides insights into optimizing titanium alloys for high-performance engineering applications.</p>