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<p>This study investigates the thermal-conductivity enhancement of surfactant-free Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene/ethylene glycol (EG) nanofluids and develops a predictive artificial neural network (ANN) model for performance estimation. Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> nanosheets were synthesized via a minimally intensive layer-delamination (MILD) route and dispersed in EG without additives. The transient hot-wire method was used to measure thermal conductivity across nanoparticle loadings of 0.01–0.10 wt%. The nanofluid exhibited a monotonic increase in conductivity, achieving ~ 98% enhancement at 0.05 wt% and ~ 132.6% at 0.10 wt% compared with pure EG. These values surpass most oxide and hybrid nanofluids at similar or higher concentrations, confirming the superior phonon transport of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> systems. The developed ANN model accurately predicted experimental values with R2 &gt; 0.99 and minimal error metrics (RMSE, MAPE &lt; 2%), validating its reliability. The results highlight the potential of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/EG nanofluids as efficient and stable coolants for automotive, electronic, and renewable-energy heat-transfer systems.</p>

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Scalable Surfactant-Free Synthesis of Stable Ti₃C2Tx MXene Nanofluids for Enhanced Thermal Transport in Ethylene Glycol

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月24日

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  • Shree Meenakshi K,
  • Ananda Kumar S

摘要

This study investigates the thermal-conductivity enhancement of surfactant-free Ti3C2Tx MXene/ethylene glycol (EG) nanofluids and develops a predictive artificial neural network (ANN) model for performance estimation. Ti3C2Tx nanosheets were synthesized via a minimally intensive layer-delamination (MILD) route and dispersed in EG without additives. The transient hot-wire method was used to measure thermal conductivity across nanoparticle loadings of 0.01–0.10 wt%. The nanofluid exhibited a monotonic increase in conductivity, achieving ~ 98% enhancement at 0.05 wt% and ~ 132.6% at 0.10 wt% compared with pure EG. These values surpass most oxide and hybrid nanofluids at similar or higher concentrations, confirming the superior phonon transport of Ti3C2Tx systems. The developed ANN model accurately predicted experimental values with R2 > 0.99 and minimal error metrics (RMSE, MAPE < 2%), validating its reliability. The results highlight the potential of Ti3C2Tx/EG nanofluids as efficient and stable coolants for automotive, electronic, and renewable-energy heat-transfer systems.