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<p>Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) possess high energy density and simple configuration, yet their commercialization remains restricted by the low efficiency and poor durability of platinum (Pt)-based catalysts, primarily caused by severe CO poisoning during the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). Although hybrid nanostructured catalysts have been studied, the role of hydrothermal synthesis temperature in tailoring TiO<sub>2</sub>-graphene aerogel (GA) frameworks for enhanced MOR performance has not been sufficiently clarified. In this study, PtRu/TiO<sub>2</sub>-GA catalysts were synthesized at 180&#xa0;°C, 200&#xa0;°C, and 220&#xa0;°C via a temperature-controlled hydrothermal method followed by freeze-drying. Comprehensive characterizations (XRD, Raman, FTIR, FESEM, TEM, BET) confirmed the temperature-dependent structural evolution of TiO<sub>2</sub>-GA, including crystallinity, porosity, and PtRu nanoparticle dispersion. Among the synthesized samples, PtRu/TiO<sub>2</sub>-GA200 exhibited the highest catalytic performance, delivering a mass activity of 523.22&#xa0;mA mg<sup>−1</sup> and a specific activity of 26.33&#xa0;mA&#xa0;cm<sup>−2</sup> PtRu, significantly surpassing PtRu/TiO<sub>2</sub>-GA180, PtRu/TiO<sub>2</sub>-GA220, and the commercial PtRu/C benchmark. The superior activity of PtRu/TiO<sub>2</sub>-GA200 is attributed to its optimized mesoporosity, larger electrochemical surface area, and enhanced CO tolerance, which collectively improved charge transfer and catalytic stability. This study underscores the critical influence of synthesis temperature in the rational design of nanostructured electrocatalysts and provides new insights into advancing DMFC technology toward durable and efficient clean energy systems.</p>

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Enhanced performance of PtRu/TiO2-Graphene Aerogel Catalysts: A Temperature-Optimized Approach for Methanol Electrooxidation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月10日

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  • Siti Hasanah Osman,
  • Siti Kartom Kamarudin,
  • Mahnoush Beygisangchin,
  • Sahriah Basri,
  • Mohammad Fikrey Roslan,
  • Zulfirdaus Zakaria

摘要

Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) possess high energy density and simple configuration, yet their commercialization remains restricted by the low efficiency and poor durability of platinum (Pt)-based catalysts, primarily caused by severe CO poisoning during the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). Although hybrid nanostructured catalysts have been studied, the role of hydrothermal synthesis temperature in tailoring TiO2-graphene aerogel (GA) frameworks for enhanced MOR performance has not been sufficiently clarified. In this study, PtRu/TiO2-GA catalysts were synthesized at 180 °C, 200 °C, and 220 °C via a temperature-controlled hydrothermal method followed by freeze-drying. Comprehensive characterizations (XRD, Raman, FTIR, FESEM, TEM, BET) confirmed the temperature-dependent structural evolution of TiO2-GA, including crystallinity, porosity, and PtRu nanoparticle dispersion. Among the synthesized samples, PtRu/TiO2-GA200 exhibited the highest catalytic performance, delivering a mass activity of 523.22 mA mg−1 and a specific activity of 26.33 mA cm−2 PtRu, significantly surpassing PtRu/TiO2-GA180, PtRu/TiO2-GA220, and the commercial PtRu/C benchmark. The superior activity of PtRu/TiO2-GA200 is attributed to its optimized mesoporosity, larger electrochemical surface area, and enhanced CO tolerance, which collectively improved charge transfer and catalytic stability. This study underscores the critical influence of synthesis temperature in the rational design of nanostructured electrocatalysts and provides new insights into advancing DMFC technology toward durable and efficient clean energy systems.