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<p>This research article outlines an overall optimization of 4E model—covering energy, exergy, economic, and environmental aspects—relevant to a cascade heat pump (CHP) system using R152a/cyclopentane. A subcooling heat pump circuit is introduced into the high-temperature circuit (HTC) in order to provide subcooling at the low-temperature circuit (LTC) for space heating applications. Optimizations are performed over a series of temperature differentials at the subcooling heat exchanger and the cascade heat exchanger (Δ<i>T</i><sub>SCHX</sub>/Δ<i>T</i><sub>CHX</sub>), as well as in relation to several heat source inlet temperatures as well as heat sink outlet temperatures. The results show that Δ<i>T</i><sub>SCHX</sub>/Δ<i>T</i><sub>CHX</sub>, temperature at heat source inlet, and temperature at heat sink outlet are essential variables affecting system performance. A heat source inlet temperature rise from − 20 to 0&#xa0;°C leads to an increment in COP by 26.6–28.4% as well as an exergy efficiency improvement by 29–30.6%, along with LCC reductions by 12.9–14.5% and ACR reductions by 10.7–12.1%. Furthermore, exergy destruction is reduced by 27–30%, and total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) undergoes reductions by 15–20%, hence verifying significant thermodynamic and environmental benefits. On the other hand, an increase in heat sink outlet temperature from 50 to 80&#xa0;°C leads to COP decrement by 21–22% as well as an exergy destruction increment by 18.9–21%, with detrimental effects on LCC (20–21%), ACR (16.7–18.4%), and TEWI (10–15%). Considering an evaluation among all configurations investigated, a Δ<i>T</i><sub>SCHX</sub>/Δ<i>T</i><sub>CHX</sub> ratio of 10&#xa0;°C/5&#xa0;°C reveals optimal equilibrium between performance, economics, and environmental aspects. This work is the first to design and optimize such a CHP system with the R152a/cyclopentane refrigerant pair in heating mode using an integrated 4E framework. The findings not only introduce a novel system configuration but also provide practical design guidelines for developing cost-effective, energy-efficient, and environmentally sustainable thermal systems.</p>

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Comprehensive Energy, Exergy, Economical and Environmental (4E) Optimization of a Proposed Cascade Heat Pump System Using R152a/Cyclopentane

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月27日

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  • Cenker Aktemur,
  • Barış Kavasoğulları,
  • Mutlu Tarık Çakır

摘要

This research article outlines an overall optimization of 4E model—covering energy, exergy, economic, and environmental aspects—relevant to a cascade heat pump (CHP) system using R152a/cyclopentane. A subcooling heat pump circuit is introduced into the high-temperature circuit (HTC) in order to provide subcooling at the low-temperature circuit (LTC) for space heating applications. Optimizations are performed over a series of temperature differentials at the subcooling heat exchanger and the cascade heat exchanger (ΔTSCHX/ΔTCHX), as well as in relation to several heat source inlet temperatures as well as heat sink outlet temperatures. The results show that ΔTSCHX/ΔTCHX, temperature at heat source inlet, and temperature at heat sink outlet are essential variables affecting system performance. A heat source inlet temperature rise from − 20 to 0 °C leads to an increment in COP by 26.6–28.4% as well as an exergy efficiency improvement by 29–30.6%, along with LCC reductions by 12.9–14.5% and ACR reductions by 10.7–12.1%. Furthermore, exergy destruction is reduced by 27–30%, and total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) undergoes reductions by 15–20%, hence verifying significant thermodynamic and environmental benefits. On the other hand, an increase in heat sink outlet temperature from 50 to 80 °C leads to COP decrement by 21–22% as well as an exergy destruction increment by 18.9–21%, with detrimental effects on LCC (20–21%), ACR (16.7–18.4%), and TEWI (10–15%). Considering an evaluation among all configurations investigated, a ΔTSCHX/ΔTCHX ratio of 10 °C/5 °C reveals optimal equilibrium between performance, economics, and environmental aspects. This work is the first to design and optimize such a CHP system with the R152a/cyclopentane refrigerant pair in heating mode using an integrated 4E framework. The findings not only introduce a novel system configuration but also provide practical design guidelines for developing cost-effective, energy-efficient, and environmentally sustainable thermal systems.