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<p>This study investigates a novel self-healing concrete using encapsulated <i>Bacillus paramycoides</i> bacteria and <i>Citrullus lanatus</i> seed powder within sodium alginate (SA) beads. The encapsulation approach provides a protective environment that maintains bacterial viability and enables controlled release of healing agents. Three concrete mix variations were tested with different percentages (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) of alginate beads: SA alone, SA with seed powder (SA + CL), and SA with bacteria-infused seed powder (SA + B + CL). The inclusion of watermelon seed powder significantly enhanced bacterial activity by acting as a nutrient source. Self-healing performance was evaluated using pre-cracked concrete specimens subjected to four curing regimes: continuous wet, wet-dry cycles, marine soil exposure, and normal soil exposure. Key parameters such as compressive strength (CS), impact strength (IS), compressive strength regain (CSR), water absorption (WA), ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and microstructural changes were assessed. The SA + B + CL mix with 10% bead content demonstrated the most effective healing, showing a 15.7% increase in CS and a 35.6% improvement in IS at 28&#xa0;days compared to the SA mix. CSR values reached up to 96% under continuous wet curing for the 15% SA + B + CL mix. Crack healing was effective for maximum width of 1.1&#xa0;mm, with a maximum healing percentage of 86%. Microstructural analysis confirmed calcium carbonate precipitation as the primary healing mechanism, enhancing durability through pore filling and matrix densification. However, the performance of SA beads was reduced under fluctuating temperatures due to shrinkage and internal porosity, indicating the need for further study on long-term durability under different environmental conditions.</p>

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Enhancing Self-Healing Concrete Using Sodium Alginate Beads and Citrullus lanatus Seed Powder for Bacterial Encapsulation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月10日

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  • E. Madhumithra,
  • K. Elakkiya,
  • A. Sumathi

摘要

This study investigates a novel self-healing concrete using encapsulated Bacillus paramycoides bacteria and Citrullus lanatus seed powder within sodium alginate (SA) beads. The encapsulation approach provides a protective environment that maintains bacterial viability and enables controlled release of healing agents. Three concrete mix variations were tested with different percentages (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) of alginate beads: SA alone, SA with seed powder (SA + CL), and SA with bacteria-infused seed powder (SA + B + CL). The inclusion of watermelon seed powder significantly enhanced bacterial activity by acting as a nutrient source. Self-healing performance was evaluated using pre-cracked concrete specimens subjected to four curing regimes: continuous wet, wet-dry cycles, marine soil exposure, and normal soil exposure. Key parameters such as compressive strength (CS), impact strength (IS), compressive strength regain (CSR), water absorption (WA), ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and microstructural changes were assessed. The SA + B + CL mix with 10% bead content demonstrated the most effective healing, showing a 15.7% increase in CS and a 35.6% improvement in IS at 28 days compared to the SA mix. CSR values reached up to 96% under continuous wet curing for the 15% SA + B + CL mix. Crack healing was effective for maximum width of 1.1 mm, with a maximum healing percentage of 86%. Microstructural analysis confirmed calcium carbonate precipitation as the primary healing mechanism, enhancing durability through pore filling and matrix densification. However, the performance of SA beads was reduced under fluctuating temperatures due to shrinkage and internal porosity, indicating the need for further study on long-term durability under different environmental conditions.