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<p>In this paper, a wearable patch antenna for smart Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications is designed and analyzed on a flexible leather substrate. With a partial ground plane (PGP) and microstrip feed, the antenna has a dimension of 34 × 32 × 1 mm<sup>3</sup> and&#xa0;operates at the 2.45-GHz ISM band, with an impedance bandwidth of 2.23–2.73&#xa0;GHz, a gain of about 2 dBi, and 88% radiation efficiency. Simulations are validated by the fabricated results, which show a measured reflection coefficient (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({S}_{11}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mn>11</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) of -65&#xa0;dB at 2.42&#xa0;GHz. Bending analysis for both off-body (free air)&#xa0;and on-human body placements (wrist, forearm, leg, and chest) confirms the antenna's resilience, demonstrating steady performance. IEEE safety limit compliance is guaranteed by SAR analysis. Reliable communication for IoT networks is confirmed by a link budget analysis. The proposed antenna, in contrast to the state-of-the-art wearable antennas, is a promising candidate for wearable IoT applications, such as body-centric networks, smart textiles, and wireless health monitoring. </p>

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A Compact Wearable Patch Antenna on Leather Substrate for Smart IoT Applications: Design, Performance, Bending, SAR, and Link Budget Analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月1日

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  • Ali Hassan,
  • N. Nizam Uddin

摘要

In this paper, a wearable patch antenna for smart Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications is designed and analyzed on a flexible leather substrate. With a partial ground plane (PGP) and microstrip feed, the antenna has a dimension of 34 × 32 × 1 mm3 and operates at the 2.45-GHz ISM band, with an impedance bandwidth of 2.23–2.73 GHz, a gain of about 2 dBi, and 88% radiation efficiency. Simulations are validated by the fabricated results, which show a measured reflection coefficient ( \({S}_{11}\) S 11 ) of -65 dB at 2.42 GHz. Bending analysis for both off-body (free air) and on-human body placements (wrist, forearm, leg, and chest) confirms the antenna's resilience, demonstrating steady performance. IEEE safety limit compliance is guaranteed by SAR analysis. Reliable communication for IoT networks is confirmed by a link budget analysis. The proposed antenna, in contrast to the state-of-the-art wearable antennas, is a promising candidate for wearable IoT applications, such as body-centric networks, smart textiles, and wireless health monitoring.