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<p>Effective thermal management in advanced engineering systems requires accurate modeling of nanofluid behavior under varying physical conditions. In this article, the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of MgO–ZnO–Cu/H<sub>2</sub>O ternary nanofluid along an exponentially stretching porous sheet with convective boundary conditions has been explored with the Tiwari–Das model. Besides, variable thermal conductivity, variable viscosity and variable Prandtl number are considered, which was not considered in any detail in earlier studies. The fundamental partial differential equations controlling the conservation features of hydrothermal flow are suitably transformed into dimensionless ordinary differential equations with boundary conditions. Using MATLAB boundary value problem 4th-order collocation method, the nonlinear ordinary differential equations are numerically solved. An excellent agreement was found while comparing with previously published work. The influence of parameters and their impacts on temperature, velocity, Nusselt number, skin friction, and entropy generation are examined graphically. Results show that temperature rises with increasing Biot number, thermal conductivity variation, and magnetic parameter, while velocity decreases. Specifically, velocity drops by 4.55% for ternary and 4.64% for hybrid nanofluids as<i> M</i> increases from 1 to 1.5, due to nanoparticle effects and Lorentz force. Additionally, as α₁ increases from 0.2 to 0.8, entropy generation drops by 13.18% (ternary to hybrid) and 8.05% (hybrid to mono nanofluid). Entropy generation increased by up to 10% near the wall at low Brinkman number Br = 0.1 while transitioning from mono to ternary nanofluids. The present work finds applications in advanced cooling systems, aerospace engineering, solar collectors, etc.</p>

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Irreversibility Analysis in Magnetohydrodynamics Flow of Ternary Nanofluids Over an Exponentially Stretching Sheet with Variable Properties Using Numerical Method

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月23日

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  • Rajesh Chary Kandukoori,
  • Pranitha Janapatla

摘要

Effective thermal management in advanced engineering systems requires accurate modeling of nanofluid behavior under varying physical conditions. In this article, the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of MgO–ZnO–Cu/H2O ternary nanofluid along an exponentially stretching porous sheet with convective boundary conditions has been explored with the Tiwari–Das model. Besides, variable thermal conductivity, variable viscosity and variable Prandtl number are considered, which was not considered in any detail in earlier studies. The fundamental partial differential equations controlling the conservation features of hydrothermal flow are suitably transformed into dimensionless ordinary differential equations with boundary conditions. Using MATLAB boundary value problem 4th-order collocation method, the nonlinear ordinary differential equations are numerically solved. An excellent agreement was found while comparing with previously published work. The influence of parameters and their impacts on temperature, velocity, Nusselt number, skin friction, and entropy generation are examined graphically. Results show that temperature rises with increasing Biot number, thermal conductivity variation, and magnetic parameter, while velocity decreases. Specifically, velocity drops by 4.55% for ternary and 4.64% for hybrid nanofluids as M increases from 1 to 1.5, due to nanoparticle effects and Lorentz force. Additionally, as α₁ increases from 0.2 to 0.8, entropy generation drops by 13.18% (ternary to hybrid) and 8.05% (hybrid to mono nanofluid). Entropy generation increased by up to 10% near the wall at low Brinkman number Br = 0.1 while transitioning from mono to ternary nanofluids. The present work finds applications in advanced cooling systems, aerospace engineering, solar collectors, etc.