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<p>The demand for nitrogen fertilizers, particularly urea, rises as food production rises to fulfill the world's food needs. The overuse of urea fertilizer to produce high food crop yields results in many environmental issues and low urea-N use efficiency due to nitrogen loss. This led to the invention of controlled-release urea (CRU). Most current CRU coatings are composed from expensive, hazardous, and nonbiodegradable synthetic polymers. This research reviews the problems with urea coating materials and discusses the possibility of using novel fly ash geopolymer as urea encapsulating materials and producing consistent CRU fertilizer. To verify the geopolymer performance as coating material, it is essential to perform the standard protocol of X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and shear rate. Discrete element method is employed to simulate the urea coating operation using the characterized geopolymer as a coating material to produce granules in a rotary coating pan equipment. From the statistical analysis, it was found that CoV<sub>inter</sub> is significantly influenced by fill ratio followed by spray-gun angle, urea granular sizes, pan speed, and spray rate, respectively. The percentage contribution of fill ratio, spray-gun angle, urea size, pan speed and spray rate on CoV<sub>inter</sub> was 39.16, 23.07, 6.54 3.70, and 0.40%, respectively. Analysis of variance revealed that the pan fill ratio, particle size, and the pan speed were the most influential parameters in this case. The linear regression model was used to fit the process parameters versus CoVinter with satisfactory <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> value of 80.02%.</p>

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Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer as a Coating Material for Urea Encapsulation: Characterization, DEM Simulation and Validation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月20日

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  • Salma Awad Nouh,
  • Kok Keong Lau,
  • Shafirah Samsuri,
  • Babar Azeem

摘要

The demand for nitrogen fertilizers, particularly urea, rises as food production rises to fulfill the world's food needs. The overuse of urea fertilizer to produce high food crop yields results in many environmental issues and low urea-N use efficiency due to nitrogen loss. This led to the invention of controlled-release urea (CRU). Most current CRU coatings are composed from expensive, hazardous, and nonbiodegradable synthetic polymers. This research reviews the problems with urea coating materials and discusses the possibility of using novel fly ash geopolymer as urea encapsulating materials and producing consistent CRU fertilizer. To verify the geopolymer performance as coating material, it is essential to perform the standard protocol of X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and shear rate. Discrete element method is employed to simulate the urea coating operation using the characterized geopolymer as a coating material to produce granules in a rotary coating pan equipment. From the statistical analysis, it was found that CoVinter is significantly influenced by fill ratio followed by spray-gun angle, urea granular sizes, pan speed, and spray rate, respectively. The percentage contribution of fill ratio, spray-gun angle, urea size, pan speed and spray rate on CoVinter was 39.16, 23.07, 6.54 3.70, and 0.40%, respectively. Analysis of variance revealed that the pan fill ratio, particle size, and the pan speed were the most influential parameters in this case. The linear regression model was used to fit the process parameters versus CoVinter with satisfactory R2 value of 80.02%.