Prevalence and Pattern of Antibiotic Resistance of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus on Tap Handles of Veronica Buckets Used in Schools in Tamale Metropolis and Sagnarigu Municipality, Ghana

The practice of hand-washing has been demonstrated to be an effective method for reducing the bacterial population. The Veronica bucket is an effective hand-washing system for the control of bacterial-related diseases. However, the tap surface of the Veronica bucket functions as a conduit for microbial transmission. Staphylococcus aureus is a normal body flora that has the potential to colonize the tap surface of the Veronica bucket, thereby increasing the risk of cross-contamination between individuals. This study aimed to assess the incidence of S. aureus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on tap handles of Veronica buckets used in schools in the Tamale metropolis and Sagnarigu municipality and their antibiotic resistant pattern in Ghana. Hundred (100) samples were collected from 44 schools in the Tamale metropolis and Sagnarigu municipality. MRSA was identified using cefoxitin, and isolates resistant to three or more of the antibiotics were classified as multidrug-resistant. Baird Parker agar, nutrient agar, and storage medium were used for bacteriological analysis of S. aureus isolation and storage. To confirm the presence of S. aureus, a biochemical test was performed. S. aureus isolates were confirmed in 43 (43%) of the 100 samples taken. Isolated S. aureus was tested for antibiotic susceptibility, with the highest rate of resistance to aztreonam (74.4%) and the lowest rate of resistance to ceftriaxone (9.3%). MRSA was found in 25.6% of the isolates (11/43) and multidrug resistance in 30.2% (13/43) of the isolates. As a result, S. aureus with MRSA and multidrug-resistant strains were confirmed on the tap handles of Veronica buckets used in a relatively high number of schools. Hence, institutional heads should ensure that students follow proper hygienic practices.