Advancements in Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Technologies: A Comprehensive Review

The accelerating global energy crisis and the worsening impacts of climate change have heightened the demand for alternative energy sources. Wind energy is one of the most reliable, affordable, efficient, and readily available renewable sources for residential and industrial use. In response, vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) have garnered significant recognition in recent years, leading to increased development and widespread implementation across the globe. A VAWT is a type of wind turbine (WT) known for its compact design, ease of maintenance, and competence in utilizing wind from multiple directions, making it highly suitable for city landscapes. The global impact of VAWTs is significant, as they contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions and the transition toward a more sustainable energy future. Despite these benefits, VAWTs face drawbacks, including lower performance than horizontal axis wind turbines and challenges with achieving consistent self-starting under varying wind speed ( \({U}_{\infty }\) $U_{\infty }$ ) conditions. This work primarily explores scientific literature and contemporary advancements in VAWT research. The study examines the existing research gaps, challenges, and potential future directions for these turbines and their applications. The outcomes of different strategies are thoroughly evaluated, with the most effective methods highlighted. Consequently, this review offers comprehensive insights into the challenges and solution approaches associated with VAWTs, paving the way for future research to improve aerodynamic performance.