Aligning Technology with Human Values: The Measurement Problem
摘要
This paper aims to broaden the discussion of value alignment beyond artificial intelligence to technology in general: all technologies—not just AI systems—should be aligned with values specified by humans. I make two points—the first concerns how value alignment in ordinary technical artifacts should be measured. By combining insights from social choice theory with Peter Gärdenfors’ influential theory of conceptual spaces, I argue that measuring value alignment on a cardinal scale is possible. My second point is an argument in support of the idea that all technical artifacts are neutral means to an end, which is a claim that numerous philosophers of technology explicitly reject. Once we recognize that every technology can be aligned with human values, there is no reason to think they are inherently value-laden. Claims about the morality of technologies can, and should, be expressed in terms of value alignment. Consider, for instance, the low bridges over the parkways in Long Island designed by Robert Moses in the 1920s. The bridges were intentionally designed to prevent buses from passing under them, thereby limiting access to beaches and other desirable destinations for low-income groups and racial minorities, who relied on public transportation more than other social groups. Langdon Winner argues that this shows how the bridges themselves embody social and moral values: the concrete and steel of the bridges “embody […] systematic social inequality” (1980: 124). However, according to the proposal outlined here, the bridges are morally neutral means to an end that align poorly with some of our values: racial justice and equity.