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<p>Vitamin D<sub>3</sub>-loaded lipid nanoparticles (Vit D<sub>3</sub>-LNP), integrated into an azulene cream, were developed to enhance the topical delivery and stability of Vitamin D<sub>3</sub>. The LNP was formulated using a lipid mixture and hot homogenization-ultrasonication, with comprehensive characterization revealing a particle size of 153.9 nm, a high zeta potential (-54.3 mV), and a PDI of 0.216, which TEM confirmed. Encapsulation efficiency was high (96.98%), indicating successful incorporation of Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> within the lipid matrix. Stability studies revealed the impact of light exposure on Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> degradation. In vitro, release, and skin penetration studies using Franz diffusion cells and two-photon microscopy demonstrated enhanced drug permeation and retention in deeper skin layers with the cream formulation. Cell Viability test confirmed high cell viability (~ 80–100%) for both free Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> and the LNP formulation; also inflammation test showed a significant reduction in ROS levels with Vitamin D<sub>3</sub>-LNP treatment. These findings highlight the therapeutic value of LNP in managing conditions like Vitiligo, providing insights into the design of stable, effective Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> delivery systems for dermal applications, and offering a promising approach for advanced skin treatments.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Vitamin D-loaded lipid nanoparticles: antioxidant properties, preparation, optimization, and in vitro characterization

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月23日

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  • Khadeejeh AL-Smadi,
  • Mohammad Imran,
  • Ayyah Abdoh,
  • David Liu,
  • Khanh Phan,
  • Newton Andreo Filho,
  • Vania Rodrigues Leite-Silva,
  • Yousuf Mohammed

摘要

Vitamin D3-loaded lipid nanoparticles (Vit D3-LNP), integrated into an azulene cream, were developed to enhance the topical delivery and stability of Vitamin D3. The LNP was formulated using a lipid mixture and hot homogenization-ultrasonication, with comprehensive characterization revealing a particle size of 153.9 nm, a high zeta potential (-54.3 mV), and a PDI of 0.216, which TEM confirmed. Encapsulation efficiency was high (96.98%), indicating successful incorporation of Vitamin D3 within the lipid matrix. Stability studies revealed the impact of light exposure on Vitamin D3 degradation. In vitro, release, and skin penetration studies using Franz diffusion cells and two-photon microscopy demonstrated enhanced drug permeation and retention in deeper skin layers with the cream formulation. Cell Viability test confirmed high cell viability (~ 80–100%) for both free Vitamin D3 and the LNP formulation; also inflammation test showed a significant reduction in ROS levels with Vitamin D3-LNP treatment. These findings highlight the therapeutic value of LNP in managing conditions like Vitiligo, providing insights into the design of stable, effective Vitamin D3 delivery systems for dermal applications, and offering a promising approach for advanced skin treatments.

Graphical Abstract