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<p>Beams are fundamental structural components used in various engineering disciplines. In civil engineering, they are subjected to various loading conditions, particularly mechanical and thermal loads. Understanding their structural behavior under thermal conditions is crucial for designing components and preventing structural failures. This paper examines the structural response of a prismatic SS304 steel beam with both ends clamped, subjected to non-uniform temperature variation along its depth, using experimental and 3D finite element analysis. The structural response of a clamped beam is assessed by investigating the variation of normal and shear stresses along its longitudinal and depth directions. Additionally, the impact of non-uniform temperature changes on the deflection of beams with different cross-sections is examined using an experimental method. This numerical analysis revealed that under linear temperature variation, both ends-restrained beams experience minimal deflection, zero shear stress, and normal stresses that vary linearly along the beam’s depth. The deflection increases with decreasing cross-section sizes of the clamped beam under both linear and non-linear temperature variations. The finite element analysis underestimates the deflection by 20% compared to experimental results under a higher temperature gradient. The deflection under nonlinear temperature variation is 55%, 36%, and 38% higher than under linear temperature variation for the 20 × 20, 15 × 15, and 10 × 10 cross-sections, respectively.</p>

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Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Thermal Bending in Clamped–Clamped Beams Under Nonuniform Temperature Distribution

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月5日

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  • Balan Raju,
  • Vadivuchezhian Kaliveeran

摘要

Beams are fundamental structural components used in various engineering disciplines. In civil engineering, they are subjected to various loading conditions, particularly mechanical and thermal loads. Understanding their structural behavior under thermal conditions is crucial for designing components and preventing structural failures. This paper examines the structural response of a prismatic SS304 steel beam with both ends clamped, subjected to non-uniform temperature variation along its depth, using experimental and 3D finite element analysis. The structural response of a clamped beam is assessed by investigating the variation of normal and shear stresses along its longitudinal and depth directions. Additionally, the impact of non-uniform temperature changes on the deflection of beams with different cross-sections is examined using an experimental method. This numerical analysis revealed that under linear temperature variation, both ends-restrained beams experience minimal deflection, zero shear stress, and normal stresses that vary linearly along the beam’s depth. The deflection increases with decreasing cross-section sizes of the clamped beam under both linear and non-linear temperature variations. The finite element analysis underestimates the deflection by 20% compared to experimental results under a higher temperature gradient. The deflection under nonlinear temperature variation is 55%, 36%, and 38% higher than under linear temperature variation for the 20 × 20, 15 × 15, and 10 × 10 cross-sections, respectively.