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<p>Nature’s contributions to people (NCP) provided by forests are co-produced by an interplay of natural and anthropogenic capitals, including human, social, physical, and financial capital, which are influenced by various actors across multiple levels. Here, we assessed the co-production of four forest NCP (timber, habitat creation and maintenance, climate regulation, non-material NCP). We conducted social network analyses based on interviews with local forest actors to (i) understand which actors are most relevant for managing different anthropogenic capitals in NCP co-production and (ii) identify patterns of governing co-produced forest NCP via actor relationships. Our findings revealed three patterns: (1) <i>governance of timber production </i>via<i> financial flows</i>; (2) <i>governance of knowledge and labour for climate regulation</i>; and (3) <i>governance for habitat management</i>. Making actor–capital relationships tangible provides evidence to inform decision-making by tracing how specific actors favour certain capitals potentially influencing the sustainability of NCP co-production.</p>

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The forest beyond the trees: A network perspective on governing co-production of nature’s contributions to people

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月26日

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  • Roman Isaac,
  • Graeme S. Cumming,
  • María R. Felipe-Lucia,
  • Berta Martín-López

摘要

Nature’s contributions to people (NCP) provided by forests are co-produced by an interplay of natural and anthropogenic capitals, including human, social, physical, and financial capital, which are influenced by various actors across multiple levels. Here, we assessed the co-production of four forest NCP (timber, habitat creation and maintenance, climate regulation, non-material NCP). We conducted social network analyses based on interviews with local forest actors to (i) understand which actors are most relevant for managing different anthropogenic capitals in NCP co-production and (ii) identify patterns of governing co-produced forest NCP via actor relationships. Our findings revealed three patterns: (1) governance of timber production via financial flows; (2) governance of knowledge and labour for climate regulation; and (3) governance for habitat management. Making actor–capital relationships tangible provides evidence to inform decision-making by tracing how specific actors favour certain capitals potentially influencing the sustainability of NCP co-production.