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Objectives <p>This study aimed to analyze the principal chemical constituents of <i>Salicornia europaea</i> (<i>S. europaea</i>) extract and to evaluate its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects using HaCaT cells.</p> Methods <p><i>S. europaea</i> was prepared via 70% ethanol extraction, and the primary components of the extract were analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). Antioxidant effects were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Cytotoxicity was assessed using an MTT assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated HaCaT cells. Anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by analyzing the protein expression of iNOS, COX-2, p-NF-κB, and p-IκBα using western blotting.</p> Results <p><i>S. europaea</i> exhibited significant antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging assays starting at a concentration of 100&#xa0;μg/mL. In ABTS radical scavenging assays, a significant antioxidant effect was observed from 25&#xa0;μg/mL. In HaCaT cells, concentrations &gt; 100&#xa0;μg/mL reduced cell viability, with a 57% survival rate at 200&#xa0;μg/mL; no cytotoxicity was observed at concentrations &lt; 50&#xa0;μg/mL. In LPS-induced HaCaT cells, the <i>S. europaea</i> extract significantly inhibited ROS generation in a concentration-dependent manner and reduced iNOS and COX-2 expression. Furthermore, p-NF-κB and p-IκBα expression was suppressed, indicating modulation of inflammatory signaling pathways.</p> Conclusion <p>This study’s findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of <i>S. europaea</i> extract are attributable to its antioxidant activity, mediated by phenolic compounds, that inhibit ROS production and the NF-κB signaling pathway. Collectively, these results indicate the potential efficacy of <i>S. europaea</i> as a natural anti-inflammatory agent. LC–MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of eight active compounds.</p>

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Salicornia europaea extract regulates inflammatory signaling pathways in LPS-stimulated HaCaT cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月22日

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  • Chae Un Lim,
  • Min Jung Kim,
  • Ye Jin Yang,
  • Ji Woong Heo,
  • Hee Ho Kim,
  • Young Hun Kim,
  • Young Woo Kim,
  • Kwang Il Park

摘要

Objectives

This study aimed to analyze the principal chemical constituents of Salicornia europaea (S. europaea) extract and to evaluate its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects using HaCaT cells.

Methods

S. europaea was prepared via 70% ethanol extraction, and the primary components of the extract were analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). Antioxidant effects were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Cytotoxicity was assessed using an MTT assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated HaCaT cells. Anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by analyzing the protein expression of iNOS, COX-2, p-NF-κB, and p-IκBα using western blotting.

Results

S. europaea exhibited significant antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging assays starting at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. In ABTS radical scavenging assays, a significant antioxidant effect was observed from 25 μg/mL. In HaCaT cells, concentrations > 100 μg/mL reduced cell viability, with a 57% survival rate at 200 μg/mL; no cytotoxicity was observed at concentrations < 50 μg/mL. In LPS-induced HaCaT cells, the S. europaea extract significantly inhibited ROS generation in a concentration-dependent manner and reduced iNOS and COX-2 expression. Furthermore, p-NF-κB and p-IκBα expression was suppressed, indicating modulation of inflammatory signaling pathways.

Conclusion

This study’s findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of S. europaea extract are attributable to its antioxidant activity, mediated by phenolic compounds, that inhibit ROS production and the NF-κB signaling pathway. Collectively, these results indicate the potential efficacy of S. europaea as a natural anti-inflammatory agent. LC–MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of eight active compounds.