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Background <p>Climate change, including global warming, has caused rapid environmental shifts in diverse ecosystems. Furthermore, as environmental pollution and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have become increasingly severe, numerous recent studies have investigated the combined effects of these two factors on ecosystems.</p> Objective <p>This review synthesizes the current evidence regarding the synergistic toxicological interactions between climate change factors (temperature and salinity) and EDCs across diverse taxa, including aquatic organisms, amphibians, livestock, and humans.</p> Results <p>Thermal and saline stressors fundamentally altered the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of EDCs. Salinity shifts disrupt osmoregulatory homeostasis in aquatic species and amphibians, thereby enhancing their chemical bioavailability and sensitivity. In livestock and humans, heat stress activates the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and impairs hypothalamic pituitary gonadal (HPG) signaling, triggering a synergistic cascade of neuroendocrine and metabolic dysfunction. These physiological shifts, coupled with enhanced dermal absorption and thermally induced changes in clearance rates, significantly amplify the lethality and developmental toxicity of EDCs.</p> Conclusion <p>These findings suggest that EDCs could exhibit greater toxic effects than originally reported and predicted, owing to their synergistic effects with environmental factors associated with rapid climate change. In addition, traditional risk assessments do not adequately account for these multiple factors or incorporate integrative multi-stressor models, and mechanistic studies are needed to strengthen regulatory frameworks.</p>

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Synergistic toxicity of endocrine disruptors and environmental toxicants under climate change

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月1日

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  • Juhyeong Seo,
  • Minha Jeong,
  • Jiyeon Ham

摘要

Background

Climate change, including global warming, has caused rapid environmental shifts in diverse ecosystems. Furthermore, as environmental pollution and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have become increasingly severe, numerous recent studies have investigated the combined effects of these two factors on ecosystems.

Objective

This review synthesizes the current evidence regarding the synergistic toxicological interactions between climate change factors (temperature and salinity) and EDCs across diverse taxa, including aquatic organisms, amphibians, livestock, and humans.

Results

Thermal and saline stressors fundamentally altered the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of EDCs. Salinity shifts disrupt osmoregulatory homeostasis in aquatic species and amphibians, thereby enhancing their chemical bioavailability and sensitivity. In livestock and humans, heat stress activates the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and impairs hypothalamic pituitary gonadal (HPG) signaling, triggering a synergistic cascade of neuroendocrine and metabolic dysfunction. These physiological shifts, coupled with enhanced dermal absorption and thermally induced changes in clearance rates, significantly amplify the lethality and developmental toxicity of EDCs.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that EDCs could exhibit greater toxic effects than originally reported and predicted, owing to their synergistic effects with environmental factors associated with rapid climate change. In addition, traditional risk assessments do not adequately account for these multiple factors or incorporate integrative multi-stressor models, and mechanistic studies are needed to strengthen regulatory frameworks.