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<p>The aerodynamic interactions in a quadcopter during forward flight reduce the efficiency of the back rotor(s) and increase generated noise levels. To alleviate interactions without compromising the vehicle’s compactness, a vertical offset between the front and back rotor(s) can be introduced as an alternative solution to increased hub spacing. The efficiency of a quadcopter in square and diamond configuration with a vertical spacing up to 0.38 rotor diameter is analysed experimentally and numerically using free-wake solvers. Forward flight conditions are considered, including high interaction cases with a nose-up tilt and close rotor hub spacing with overlapping blades. The results show that for the square configuration, a thrust comparable to four isolated rotors is achieved by the elevation of both back rotors. In contrast, introducing a vertical separation to the already underperforming back rotor in the diamond configuration further reduces its efficiency.</p>

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Influence of vertical rotor spacing on aerodynamic efficiency of quadcopter configurations

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月26日

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  • Anna A. Kostek,
  • Johannes N. Braukmann,
  • Felix Lößle,
  • Antonio Visingardi,
  • Ronan Boisard,
  • Anthony D. Gardner

摘要

The aerodynamic interactions in a quadcopter during forward flight reduce the efficiency of the back rotor(s) and increase generated noise levels. To alleviate interactions without compromising the vehicle’s compactness, a vertical offset between the front and back rotor(s) can be introduced as an alternative solution to increased hub spacing. The efficiency of a quadcopter in square and diamond configuration with a vertical spacing up to 0.38 rotor diameter is analysed experimentally and numerically using free-wake solvers. Forward flight conditions are considered, including high interaction cases with a nose-up tilt and close rotor hub spacing with overlapping blades. The results show that for the square configuration, a thrust comparable to four isolated rotors is achieved by the elevation of both back rotors. In contrast, introducing a vertical separation to the already underperforming back rotor in the diamond configuration further reduces its efficiency.