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Background <p>Understanding the molecular regulation of gestation is crucial for improving reproductive efficiency in Hanwoo cattle, yet the systemic changes occurring throughout pregnancy remain undefined.</p> Objective <p>To identify molecular mechanisms underlying pregnancy progression and develop potential biomarkers for early detection through transcriptome profiling.</p> Methods <p>Whole blood samples were collected from 15 Hanwoo cows at five physiological stages: non-pregnant, and at 2-, 4-, 16- and 40-week of gestation. RNA sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and their functional roles were predicted using Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment analyses. Additionally, time-series clustering was conducted to track expression patterns, and validation of candidate early pregnancy biomarkers was performed via qRT-PCR.</p> Results <p>A total of 2,029 DEGs were identified across the gestation period. Early pregnancy (2–4&#xa0;weeks) was characterized by immune tolerance mechanisms and the downregulation of <i>TLR9</i> signaling, with <i>ADGRE3</i> and <i>OCSTAMP</i> identified as key genes for uterine receptivity. Mid-pregnancy (16&#xa0;weeks) exhibited significant upregulation of <i>NOTCH2</i> and <i>SMAD4</i>, essential for placental maturation. Late pregnancy (40&#xa0;weeks) revealed ECM remodeling and immune suppression. Validated biomarkers for early pregnancy, including <i>HBB</i>, <i>HBQ1</i>, and <i>ADGRE3</i>, showed strong consistency between RNA-seq and qRT-PCR data.</p> Conclusion <p>This study provides comprehensive insights into the transcriptional dynamics during pregnancy in Hanwoo cattle and suggests practical biomarkers for early pregnancy diagnosis.</p>

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Transcriptomic signatures of pregnancy progression and potential early diagnostic biomarkers in peripheral blood of Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) cattle

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月13日

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  • Junhyeon Jeon,
  • Dong‑Yep Oh,
  • Wooseok Lee,
  • Seyoung Mun,
  • Kyudong Han

摘要

Background

Understanding the molecular regulation of gestation is crucial for improving reproductive efficiency in Hanwoo cattle, yet the systemic changes occurring throughout pregnancy remain undefined.

Objective

To identify molecular mechanisms underlying pregnancy progression and develop potential biomarkers for early detection through transcriptome profiling.

Methods

Whole blood samples were collected from 15 Hanwoo cows at five physiological stages: non-pregnant, and at 2-, 4-, 16- and 40-week of gestation. RNA sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and their functional roles were predicted using Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment analyses. Additionally, time-series clustering was conducted to track expression patterns, and validation of candidate early pregnancy biomarkers was performed via qRT-PCR.

Results

A total of 2,029 DEGs were identified across the gestation period. Early pregnancy (2–4 weeks) was characterized by immune tolerance mechanisms and the downregulation of TLR9 signaling, with ADGRE3 and OCSTAMP identified as key genes for uterine receptivity. Mid-pregnancy (16 weeks) exhibited significant upregulation of NOTCH2 and SMAD4, essential for placental maturation. Late pregnancy (40 weeks) revealed ECM remodeling and immune suppression. Validated biomarkers for early pregnancy, including HBB, HBQ1, and ADGRE3, showed strong consistency between RNA-seq and qRT-PCR data.

Conclusion

This study provides comprehensive insights into the transcriptional dynamics during pregnancy in Hanwoo cattle and suggests practical biomarkers for early pregnancy diagnosis.