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<p>This review examines the current research space within human-robot collaboration (HRC) in remanufacturing. Specifically, we present a 6-level HRC hierarchy tailored to the high-uncertainty and high-variability environment of remanufacturing, detailing how collaboration must evolve from simple coexistence to knowledge-driven communication to manage the complexities of EOL disassembly. Each HRC system is classified, in order, into one of the following categories: coexisting, relying, accounting, recognizing, instructing, and communicating. Additionally, a separate review examines the current landscape of human factors research within remanufacturing. This review groups the research into distinct evaluations: trust in automation, workload, fatigue, usability, and ergonomics. Finally, key robotics features for HRC systems are highlighted to provide a comprehensive guide for system development. Although some studies incorporate human factors measurements also propose HRC systems, the opposite is not true, and the majority of HRC studies do not consider human factors when developing their systems. Additionally, more recent studies have regressed in their integration of robotic teaming systems, with recent studies proposing simpler, less collaborative systems. This review highlights the importance of a human-centered approach to the ever-growing remanufacturing landscape.</p>

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A review of human-robot collaboration in remanufacturing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月30日

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  • Nicolas Grimaldi,
  • Sibo Tian,
  • Minghui Zheng,
  • Boyi Hu

摘要

This review examines the current research space within human-robot collaboration (HRC) in remanufacturing. Specifically, we present a 6-level HRC hierarchy tailored to the high-uncertainty and high-variability environment of remanufacturing, detailing how collaboration must evolve from simple coexistence to knowledge-driven communication to manage the complexities of EOL disassembly. Each HRC system is classified, in order, into one of the following categories: coexisting, relying, accounting, recognizing, instructing, and communicating. Additionally, a separate review examines the current landscape of human factors research within remanufacturing. This review groups the research into distinct evaluations: trust in automation, workload, fatigue, usability, and ergonomics. Finally, key robotics features for HRC systems are highlighted to provide a comprehensive guide for system development. Although some studies incorporate human factors measurements also propose HRC systems, the opposite is not true, and the majority of HRC studies do not consider human factors when developing their systems. Additionally, more recent studies have regressed in their integration of robotic teaming systems, with recent studies proposing simpler, less collaborative systems. This review highlights the importance of a human-centered approach to the ever-growing remanufacturing landscape.