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<p>The present study aimed to characterize genetic variation among sexes and identify sex types using PCR-based molecular markers in <i>Simarouba glauca</i> DC., a polygamodioecious tree species valued for its seed oil and medicinal properties. Here, genetic variation among 36 accessions of three sex types (15 females, 15 andromonoecious, and 6 males) of <i>S. glauca</i> was characterized using 61 RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and 24 ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) primers. ISSR primers revealed higher polymorphism percentage (61.48%), average number of polymorphic bands (4.92), and polymorphism information content (0.13) as compared to RAPD primers (46.8%, 3.43, and 0.09, respectively) across all accessions. Estimates of genetic diversity indices, namely the observed number of alleles (na), effective number of alleles (ne), Nei’s gene diversity (h), and Shannon’s information index (I), were higher for male and andromonoecious accessions using RAPD markers. In contrast, ISSR markers resulted in higher values for female accessions. Neighbour-joining (NJ) tree, Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), and STRUCTURE analysis using combined molecular data grouped males into a sub-cluster/quadrant/group, whereas females and males/andromonoecious sexes were either grouped separately or dispersed. Interestingly, two putative SCAR markers, viz., SgBG_SCAR1_FA<sub>1063</sub> (OPK-10) and SgBG_SCAR2_MA<sub>341</sub> (OPA-08), developed in this study, amplified sex-specific bands of 1063&#xa0;bp in females and andromonoecious sexes, and 341&#xa0;bp in males and andromonoecious sexes, respectively, and using a two-step approach offer potential to differentiate all sex types at the juvenile stage. These findings will have implications for breeding, plantation, and conservation programmes for this species. This article aligns with SDG 15 (Life on Land) of the UN Agenda for Sustainable Development.</p>

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Molecular markers-based characterization of genetic variations among different sex types and their early identification using SCAR markers in Simarouba glauca DC.

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月7日

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  • Madhavi Bramhanapalli,
  • Padmaja Gudipalli

摘要

The present study aimed to characterize genetic variation among sexes and identify sex types using PCR-based molecular markers in Simarouba glauca DC., a polygamodioecious tree species valued for its seed oil and medicinal properties. Here, genetic variation among 36 accessions of three sex types (15 females, 15 andromonoecious, and 6 males) of S. glauca was characterized using 61 RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and 24 ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) primers. ISSR primers revealed higher polymorphism percentage (61.48%), average number of polymorphic bands (4.92), and polymorphism information content (0.13) as compared to RAPD primers (46.8%, 3.43, and 0.09, respectively) across all accessions. Estimates of genetic diversity indices, namely the observed number of alleles (na), effective number of alleles (ne), Nei’s gene diversity (h), and Shannon’s information index (I), were higher for male and andromonoecious accessions using RAPD markers. In contrast, ISSR markers resulted in higher values for female accessions. Neighbour-joining (NJ) tree, Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), and STRUCTURE analysis using combined molecular data grouped males into a sub-cluster/quadrant/group, whereas females and males/andromonoecious sexes were either grouped separately or dispersed. Interestingly, two putative SCAR markers, viz., SgBG_SCAR1_FA1063 (OPK-10) and SgBG_SCAR2_MA341 (OPA-08), developed in this study, amplified sex-specific bands of 1063 bp in females and andromonoecious sexes, and 341 bp in males and andromonoecious sexes, respectively, and using a two-step approach offer potential to differentiate all sex types at the juvenile stage. These findings will have implications for breeding, plantation, and conservation programmes for this species. This article aligns with SDG 15 (Life on Land) of the UN Agenda for Sustainable Development.