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<p>The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is a nuclear-regulated developmental domain that sustains aerial organogenesis by maintaining a dynamic balance between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Central to this process is the Class I KNOTTED-like homeobox transcription factor SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM), which is essential for meristem initiation, maintenance, and transcriptional competence. Although STM has been extensively characterized as a developmental regulator, its emerging roles in nuclear organization and stress-responsive transcriptional control remain less clearly defined. Recent study indicates that STM functions through multiple nuclear-level mechanisms that are differentially involved under environmental stress. Salt stress induces the formation of STM-containing, phase-separated nuclear condensates that enhance transcriptional robustness by concentrating Mediator subunits such as MED8. In contrast, drought stress activates abscisic acid dependent signaling pathways that promote STM destabilization via the ABI5-KRP1 module, relating hormonal signaling to nuclear protein turnover. Additionally, cellular energy status modulates STM abundance through sugar signaling and SnRK1 activity, coupling chromatin-associated transcriptional regulation with metabolic inputs. Comparative analyses further suggest that diversification of STM cis-regulatory architecture contributes to species-specific meristem organization. This review integrates recent findings to position STM as a dynamic nuclear integrator of developmental, hormonal, and metabolic signals. By emphasizing STM-centered regulatory networks and unresolved mechanistic questions, we provide a framework for understanding how nuclear organization and transcriptional plasticity contribute to meristem stability under fluctuating environmental conditions. This article aligns with SDG 15 (Life on Land) of the UN Agenda for Sustainable Development.</p>

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SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM): Where development meets with climate resilience in plants

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月4日

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  • Chandan Roy,
  • Ayan Biswas,
  • Shuvobrata Majumder,
  • Salman Sahid

摘要

The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is a nuclear-regulated developmental domain that sustains aerial organogenesis by maintaining a dynamic balance between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Central to this process is the Class I KNOTTED-like homeobox transcription factor SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM), which is essential for meristem initiation, maintenance, and transcriptional competence. Although STM has been extensively characterized as a developmental regulator, its emerging roles in nuclear organization and stress-responsive transcriptional control remain less clearly defined. Recent study indicates that STM functions through multiple nuclear-level mechanisms that are differentially involved under environmental stress. Salt stress induces the formation of STM-containing, phase-separated nuclear condensates that enhance transcriptional robustness by concentrating Mediator subunits such as MED8. In contrast, drought stress activates abscisic acid dependent signaling pathways that promote STM destabilization via the ABI5-KRP1 module, relating hormonal signaling to nuclear protein turnover. Additionally, cellular energy status modulates STM abundance through sugar signaling and SnRK1 activity, coupling chromatin-associated transcriptional regulation with metabolic inputs. Comparative analyses further suggest that diversification of STM cis-regulatory architecture contributes to species-specific meristem organization. This review integrates recent findings to position STM as a dynamic nuclear integrator of developmental, hormonal, and metabolic signals. By emphasizing STM-centered regulatory networks and unresolved mechanistic questions, we provide a framework for understanding how nuclear organization and transcriptional plasticity contribute to meristem stability under fluctuating environmental conditions. This article aligns with SDG 15 (Life on Land) of the UN Agenda for Sustainable Development.