Current approaches and future potential for delivering CRISPR/Cas components in oilseeds and millets

Innovations and novel technologies are essential to address the needs of the future food system. Enhancing the genetics of important oil crops and millets, as well as domesticating new high-yielding varieties, is crucial to address the growing need for food security. Genome editing in plants is accomplished by changing the genome of cultured cells, which is followed by the regeneration of entire plants. Emerging as a ground-breaking breeding tool, CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) may provide a framework for accommodating increasing demand and potentially reducing regulatory burden. Although the CRISPR/Cas system is highly efficient for genome editing, several barriers and challenges impede its further improvement and adoption. Successful implementation of editing technologies requires an effective plant regeneration system. This review gives a comprehensive insight into many standard tissue culture-based regeneration and non-tissue culture-based genetic transformation techniques, making gene editing suitable for application in much less explored recalcitrant crops like oilseed and millets. This review also outlines the existing obstacles and introduces the techniques and emerging platforms that are being devised to address these limitations.