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<p>Poly(<i>N</i>-oxide) brushes, a novel class of zwitterionic polymers, were immobilized onto surfaces via “grafting from” approach. In contrast to betaine-based materials, <i>N</i>-oxide structures feature oppositely charged atoms in direct proximity without a carbon spacer, enabling enhanced hydration capacity and improved antifouling performance. In this study, a methacrylate-based <i>N</i>-oxide monomer (DMENOx) was synthesized and subsequently grafted onto silicon substrates via surface-initiated activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ARGET ATRP) under oxygen-tolerant conditions. The polymerization conditions were systematically investigated, resulting in the formation of uniform poly(<i>N</i>-oxide) brushes with a thickness of approximately 35&#xa0;nm. The poly(<i>N</i>-oxide)-coated surfaces exhibited excellent antifouling properties, significantly repelling the adhesion of a diverse range of biofoulants, including proteins, bacteria, and marine diatoms. These findings demonstrate the potential of <i>N</i>-oxide-based polymer brushes as an effective antifouling platform for biomedical and marine applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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N-oxide-based zwitterionic polymer brushes for highly effective antifouling surfaces

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Jong Hyeon Byeon,
  • Jinwoo Lee,
  • Sunhee Kim,
  • Sung Min Kang,
  • Woo Kyung Cho

摘要

Poly(N-oxide) brushes, a novel class of zwitterionic polymers, were immobilized onto surfaces via “grafting from” approach. In contrast to betaine-based materials, N-oxide structures feature oppositely charged atoms in direct proximity without a carbon spacer, enabling enhanced hydration capacity and improved antifouling performance. In this study, a methacrylate-based N-oxide monomer (DMENOx) was synthesized and subsequently grafted onto silicon substrates via surface-initiated activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ARGET ATRP) under oxygen-tolerant conditions. The polymerization conditions were systematically investigated, resulting in the formation of uniform poly(N-oxide) brushes with a thickness of approximately 35 nm. The poly(N-oxide)-coated surfaces exhibited excellent antifouling properties, significantly repelling the adhesion of a diverse range of biofoulants, including proteins, bacteria, and marine diatoms. These findings demonstrate the potential of N-oxide-based polymer brushes as an effective antifouling platform for biomedical and marine applications.

Graphical abstract