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<p>Antibiotics are mainly utilized to treat microbial infections by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Antibiotics at trace levels can induce antimicrobial resistance and toxicity to aquatic ecosystems. Amoxicillin is one of the most frequently used antibiotics with broad activity against bacteria. The adverse effects of amoxicillin on human health and the environment are uncertain, making it essential to establish an immediate, reliable method for its accurate determination. Here, we developed a novel β-CD (β-cyclodextrin) hydrogel for sensing the concentration of antibiotics in aqueous medium. The comprehensive characterization through FTIR, SEM, EDS, Mapping, TGA, XRD, BET, XPS, UV-visible, and fluorescence microscopy reveals the successful synthesis with photoluminescent properties. The hydrogel revealed dual emission characteristics with high intensity at 419&#xa0;nm and 491&#xa0;nm under 370 and 410&#xa0;nm excitation, respectively. These clusteroluminescence (aggregation-induced emission) characteristics represent the extent of through-space interactions among functional groups present on the polymeric chains. The excitation wavelength-dependent luminescent behaviour deviating from Kasha’s rule arises from heterogeneous chromophores within the crosslinked network. Luminescence decay analysis supports clustering induced coexisting emissive states and delayed fluorescence. The β-CD hydrogel demonstrated 1.64-fold (at 370&#xa0;nm) and 2.23-fold (at 410&#xa0;nm) “turn-on” luminescence enhancement for amoxicillin, contrasting with the luminescence quenching by other pharmaceutical compounds. The selective and sensitive nanomolar detection of amoxicillin (linear range: 3–9 nM at 370&#xa0;nm with LOD = 0.73 nM; 2–9 nM at 410&#xa0;nm with LOD = 0.76 nM) was achieved along with pH stability, and recyclability, offering advantages for environmental monitoring applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Dual-emissive hydrogel as luminescent sensor for drug monitoring

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Swati Thakur,
  • Sapna Sethi,
  • Anjali Manhas,
  • Priya Devi,
  • Narveer Singh,
  • Neeraj Sharma

摘要

Antibiotics are mainly utilized to treat microbial infections by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Antibiotics at trace levels can induce antimicrobial resistance and toxicity to aquatic ecosystems. Amoxicillin is one of the most frequently used antibiotics with broad activity against bacteria. The adverse effects of amoxicillin on human health and the environment are uncertain, making it essential to establish an immediate, reliable method for its accurate determination. Here, we developed a novel β-CD (β-cyclodextrin) hydrogel for sensing the concentration of antibiotics in aqueous medium. The comprehensive characterization through FTIR, SEM, EDS, Mapping, TGA, XRD, BET, XPS, UV-visible, and fluorescence microscopy reveals the successful synthesis with photoluminescent properties. The hydrogel revealed dual emission characteristics with high intensity at 419 nm and 491 nm under 370 and 410 nm excitation, respectively. These clusteroluminescence (aggregation-induced emission) characteristics represent the extent of through-space interactions among functional groups present on the polymeric chains. The excitation wavelength-dependent luminescent behaviour deviating from Kasha’s rule arises from heterogeneous chromophores within the crosslinked network. Luminescence decay analysis supports clustering induced coexisting emissive states and delayed fluorescence. The β-CD hydrogel demonstrated 1.64-fold (at 370 nm) and 2.23-fold (at 410 nm) “turn-on” luminescence enhancement for amoxicillin, contrasting with the luminescence quenching by other pharmaceutical compounds. The selective and sensitive nanomolar detection of amoxicillin (linear range: 3–9 nM at 370 nm with LOD = 0.73 nM; 2–9 nM at 410 nm with LOD = 0.76 nM) was achieved along with pH stability, and recyclability, offering advantages for environmental monitoring applications.

Graphical abstract