<p>Electrospun nanofibers (ENFs) have garnered significant attention as a research direction for advanced nanomaterials owing to their exclusive properties, such as high specific surface area, thermal and chemical stability, excellent electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, controllable structures and high porosity. These characteristics make them highly suitable for a broad range of applications, spanning from energy storage, tissue engineering, and drug delivery to environmental remediation, sensors, and precise medicine. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the next generation of electrospun nanofibers for multidisciplinary applications. The paper will critically discuss the latest advances in the development of ENFs for biomedical, dermatological, precise medicine, energy storage, environmental, textiles and wearables, agro-food systems and structural applications. Furthermore, it reviews the emerging trends including the incorporation of hybrid materials, soft robotics, biosensors, and innovations in nanofiber design that promise to expand their application horizon. It then emphasizes challenges such as scalability and industrial feasibility, durability and long-term stability and environmental concerns, which remain key hurdles to widespread commercial adoption. By examining the current state of research, this review will address the future development of high-performance electrospun nanofiber-reinforced composites in industries such as composites, defense, and aerospace.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>