<p>A ring <i>R</i> is said to be an <i>S</i>-graded ring inducing <i>S</i> if there exists a family <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13226_2025_755_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="62" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\{R_s\}_{s\in S}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mi>s</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>s</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of nonzero additive subgroups of <i>R</i>,&#xa0; known as components of <i>R</i>,&#xa0; indexed by a partial groupoid (magma) <i>S</i>,&#xa0; that is, by a set with a partial binary operation, such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13226_2025_755_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="104" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(R=\bigoplus _{s\in S}R_s,\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>⨁</mo> <mrow> <mi>s</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mi>s</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and: (i) <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13226_2025_755_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="85" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(R_s R_t\subseteq R_{st}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mi>s</mi> </msub> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>⊆</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">st</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> whenever <i>st</i> is defined; (ii) <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13226_2025_755_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="68" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(R_s R_t\ne 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mi>s</mi> </msub> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>≠</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> if and only if the product <i>st</i> is defined. The class of <i>S</i>-graded rings inducing <i>S</i> includes all the other classes of graded rings. Group graded quasi-Frobenius and group graded Frobenius rings (with unity) are introduced and studied in Dǎscǎlescu et al. (J Algebra 620:392–424, 2023). In this paper, we study graded quasi-Frobenius and graded Frobenius rings in the <i>S</i>-graded rings inducing <i>S</i> setting, under assumptions that rings are with unity and that they are graded by cancellative <i>S</i>. We also examine how the property of <i>R</i> being graded Frobenius depends on the property of each ring component of <i>R</i> being Frobenius.</p>

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On groupoid graded (quasi-)Frobenius rings

  • Emil Ilić-Georgijević

摘要

A ring R is said to be an S-graded ring inducing S if there exists a family \(\{R_s\}_{s\in S}\) { R s } s S of nonzero additive subgroups of R,  known as components of R,  indexed by a partial groupoid (magma) S,  that is, by a set with a partial binary operation, such that \(R=\bigoplus _{s\in S}R_s,\) R = s S R s , and: (i) \(R_s R_t\subseteq R_{st}\) R s R t R st whenever st is defined; (ii) \(R_s R_t\ne 0\) R s R t 0 if and only if the product st is defined. The class of S-graded rings inducing S includes all the other classes of graded rings. Group graded quasi-Frobenius and group graded Frobenius rings (with unity) are introduced and studied in Dǎscǎlescu et al. (J Algebra 620:392–424, 2023). In this paper, we study graded quasi-Frobenius and graded Frobenius rings in the S-graded rings inducing S setting, under assumptions that rings are with unity and that they are graded by cancellative S. We also examine how the property of R being graded Frobenius depends on the property of each ring component of R being Frobenius.