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Background <p>This study aimed to translate and validate the Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI) into Malayalam to address a gap in Maternal–Fetal Attachment (MFA) research in India. The PAI was adapted based on John Bowlby’s attachment theory and Mecca Cranley’s Maternal–Fetal Attachment Scale (MFAS), incorporating expert feedback to reflect Indian cultural contexts better.</p> Methods <p>The translated PAI was administered to 250 pregnant women in Kerala. The translation process included adding three new items focused on maternal self-care, activities with the fetus, and resource usage, categorized as “personal reflection.” These additions, alongside original factors of anticipation, differentiation, and interaction, were validated by reviewers, resulting in a Content Validity Ratio of 0.95.</p> Results <p>Initial Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicated a Comparative Fit Index (CFI) of 0.821, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) of 0.791, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) of 0.0631, and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) of 0.0764. After removing four low-loading items, the revised model showed improved fit indices: CFI of 0.843, TLI of 0.811, SRMR of 0.0591, and RMSEA of 0.0802, with Akaike Information Criterion and Bayesian Information Criterion values decreasing to 9823 and 10,024.</p> Conclusion <p>The Cronbach’s alpha of 0.868 for the Malayalam PAI demonstrated strong internal consistency. This validated tool provides a reliable and culturally appropriate measure for MFA in India, supporting future research and interventions to enhance maternal and fetal health outcomes.</p>

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Prenatal Attachment Inventory: Adaptation and Validation in the Indian Context

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月22日

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  • K. Rajitha,
  • Manish Kumar Verma,
  • V. Anand Mohan

摘要

Background

This study aimed to translate and validate the Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI) into Malayalam to address a gap in Maternal–Fetal Attachment (MFA) research in India. The PAI was adapted based on John Bowlby’s attachment theory and Mecca Cranley’s Maternal–Fetal Attachment Scale (MFAS), incorporating expert feedback to reflect Indian cultural contexts better.

Methods

The translated PAI was administered to 250 pregnant women in Kerala. The translation process included adding three new items focused on maternal self-care, activities with the fetus, and resource usage, categorized as “personal reflection.” These additions, alongside original factors of anticipation, differentiation, and interaction, were validated by reviewers, resulting in a Content Validity Ratio of 0.95.

Results

Initial Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicated a Comparative Fit Index (CFI) of 0.821, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) of 0.791, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) of 0.0631, and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) of 0.0764. After removing four low-loading items, the revised model showed improved fit indices: CFI of 0.843, TLI of 0.811, SRMR of 0.0591, and RMSEA of 0.0802, with Akaike Information Criterion and Bayesian Information Criterion values decreasing to 9823 and 10,024.

Conclusion

The Cronbach’s alpha of 0.868 for the Malayalam PAI demonstrated strong internal consistency. This validated tool provides a reliable and culturally appropriate measure for MFA in India, supporting future research and interventions to enhance maternal and fetal health outcomes.