Label-free Electrochemical Biosensor for Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) and Glycated Albumin (GA) Measurement Using 4-mercapto-phenyl Boronic Acid Embedded Affinity
摘要
HbA1c measurement represents long-term (~ 120 days) glycemic changes, whereas GA represents short-term (~ 21 days) glycemic changes. So, measuring HbA1c and GA together can provide more precise results for blood glycemic conditions than a single measurement. In this work, we report the development of label-free biosensors for GA and HbA1c using boronic acid as an affinity binder. We coated Gold nanoflowers (GNFs) over a carbon electrode by conducting a potentiostatic run of HAuCl4. After that, 4-Mercapto-phenyl Boronic Acid was deposited over GNF to catch the glycated proteins. To ascertain the quantity of HbA1c, H2O2, an oxidative molecule that interacts with Heme groups, was employed as a measuring solution. Further, we modified the HbA1c measurement method for GA measurement, a new competition method between GA and HbA1c. First, we prepared six cocktails by mixing six different concentrations of GA (50 mgmL−1–2 mgmL−1) with a constant HbA1c (1 mgmL−1). Then, the HbA1c concentrations in each cocktail were measured using H2O2 to reflect the concentrations of GA. Higher GA concentrations produced a lower signal of HbA1c. We constructed standard calibration plots with > 0.95 correlation coefficient for HbA1c (concentration solution, 25 µgmL−1–1 mgmL−1), (percentage solution, 0–20%) and GA (concentration solution, 50 µgmL−1–2 mgmL−1), (Percentage solution, 0–30%). Both biomarker-sensing methods showed acceptable LOD, sensitivity, stability (> 94%), and selectivity (> 80%). In addition, we constructed a matrix-based chart and the statistical efficiency test to highlight the clinical significance of our method for glycolytic disease management. The results of this work demonstrate that these biosensors could electrochemically measure HbA1c and GA using label-free methods on cheap carbon electrode-based biosensors.