Microphysiological Systems as Organ-Specific In Vitro Vascular Models for Disease Modeling

The vascular system, essential for human physiology, is vital for transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste. Since vascular structures are involved in various disease pathogeneses and exhibit different morphologies depending on the organ, researchers have endeavored to develop organ-specific vascular models. While animal models possess sophisticated vascular morphologies, they exhibit significant discrepancies from human tissues due to species differences, which limits their applicability. To overcome the limitations arising from these discrepancies and the oversimplification of 2D dish cultures, microphysiological systems (MPS) have emerged as a promising alternative. These systems more accurately mimic the human microenvironment by incorporating cell interactions, physical stimuli, and extracellular matrix components, thus facilitating enhanced tissue differentiation and functionality. Importantly, MPS often utilize human-derived cells, greatly reducing disparities between model and patient responses. This review focuses on recent advancements in MPS, particularly in modeling the human organ-specific vascular system, and discusses their potential in biological adaptation.