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<p>This study evaluated effects of titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>), Fe-doped TiO<sub>2</sub>, Zn-doped TiO<sub>2</sub>, and Fe + Zn-co-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles coated onto diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer on the growth and physiological responses of wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.). Nanoparticles were synthesized using sol-gel method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering techniques. The coated DAP fertilizers were evaluated for phosphorus release behavior and their effects on wheat growth parameters, chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation, and phosphorus accumulation under controlled pot conditions. Among the treatments Fe-TiO<sub>2</sub> coated DAP showed the strongest positive physiological responses. Chlorophyll content increased by 56.6%, while superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities increased by 55.5% and 32.8%, respectively, compared with the uncoated DAP treatment. In contrast, malondialdehyde content decreased by 61.5%, indicating reduced oxidative stress and improved membrane stability. Zn-TiO<sub>2</sub> coated DAP showed comparatively weaker physiological improvement, whereas Fe-Zn-TiO<sub>2</sub> coated DAP showed reductions in chlorophyll and growth-related parameters. No significant differences were observed in total phosphorus concentration among treatments; however, coated fertilizers influenced phosphorus release kinetics in water. The results demonstrate that Fe-TiO<sub>2</sub> coated DAP can improve photosynthetic performance and antioxidant defense mechanisms in wheat mainly through improved physiological and biochemical responses rather than increased phosphorus accumulation alone. Further field-scale investigations are required to evaluate long-term agronomic performance, phosphorus-use efficiency, and nanoparticles fate under diverse soil environments.</p>

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Growth and physiological responses of wheat to diammonium phosphate fertilizer coated with Fe and Zn doped TiO2 nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月15日

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  • Farwah Yasin,
  • Marium Fiaz,
  • Muhammad Saqib Khan,
  • Muhammad Arshad

摘要

This study evaluated effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2), Fe-doped TiO2, Zn-doped TiO2, and Fe + Zn-co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles coated onto diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer on the growth and physiological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Nanoparticles were synthesized using sol-gel method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering techniques. The coated DAP fertilizers were evaluated for phosphorus release behavior and their effects on wheat growth parameters, chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation, and phosphorus accumulation under controlled pot conditions. Among the treatments Fe-TiO2 coated DAP showed the strongest positive physiological responses. Chlorophyll content increased by 56.6%, while superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities increased by 55.5% and 32.8%, respectively, compared with the uncoated DAP treatment. In contrast, malondialdehyde content decreased by 61.5%, indicating reduced oxidative stress and improved membrane stability. Zn-TiO2 coated DAP showed comparatively weaker physiological improvement, whereas Fe-Zn-TiO2 coated DAP showed reductions in chlorophyll and growth-related parameters. No significant differences were observed in total phosphorus concentration among treatments; however, coated fertilizers influenced phosphorus release kinetics in water. The results demonstrate that Fe-TiO2 coated DAP can improve photosynthetic performance and antioxidant defense mechanisms in wheat mainly through improved physiological and biochemical responses rather than increased phosphorus accumulation alone. Further field-scale investigations are required to evaluate long-term agronomic performance, phosphorus-use efficiency, and nanoparticles fate under diverse soil environments.